空间竞争与时变环境中的稀有性动态
Spatial competition and the dynamics of rarity in a temporally varying environment
摘要：
给定一个恒定环境中入侵的内源时间尺度，我们通过改变物种的传播速率来引入竞争优势的周期性时间变化。通过操纵栖息地的大小和引进率，我们模拟的环境中，成功的入侵收益通过增长的许多空间集群，入侵只能发生作为一个单一的集群过程。在多集群入侵机制中，快速的环境变化导致物种的空间混合和非平衡共存。动态的优势反应有效地平均了环境波动，使每个物种都可以避免竞争排斥。增加环境的半周期以匹配人口动态时间尺度，让（最初）更丰富的居民反复击退入侵者。当更丰富的物种具有竞争优势时，繁殖率优势的周期性转变很少中断排斥过程。然而，在不频繁和随机发生的时候，稀有物种可以通过迅速侵蚀居民对空间的抢占来入侵和逆转密度模式。在单集群入侵制度，环境变化发生的速度比人口动态的时间尺度禁止成功的入侵;第一个物种达到其固定的密度（计算一个恒定的环境）在长时间的模拟继续排斥其他。当内源性和外源性的时间尺度匹配，物种随机反转居民和入侵者的角色，丰度反转的等待时间表明随机共振。对于这两种入侵制度，环境波动发生慢得多的内生动力学产生对称的极限环，恒定的环境模式的交替。
英文摘要：
Given an endogenous timescale set by invasion in a constant environment, we introduced periodic temporal variation in competitive superiority by alternating the species' propagation rates. By manipulating habitat size and introduction rate, we simulated environments where successful invasion proceeds through growth of many spatial clusters, and where invasion can occur only as a single-cluster process. In the multi-cluster invasion regime, rapid environmental variation produced spatial mixing of the species and non-equilibrium coexistence. The dynamics' dominant response effectively averaged environmental fluctuation, so that each species could avoid competitive exclusion. Increasing the environment's half-period to match the population-dynamic timescale let the (initially) more abundant resident repeatedly repel the invader. Periodic transition in propagation-rate advantage rarely interrupted the exclusion process when the more abundant species had competitive advantage. However, at infrequent and randomly occurring times, the rare species could invade and reverse the density pattern by rapidly eroding the resident's preemption of space. In the single-cluster invasion regime, environmental variation occurring faster than the population-dynamic timescale prohibited successful invasion; the first species to reach its stationary density (calculated for a constant environment) continued to repel the other during long simulations. When the endogenous and exogenous timescales matched, the species randomly reversed roles of resident and invader; the waiting times for reversal of abundances indicate stochastic resonance. For both invasion regimes, environmental fluctuation occurring much slower than the endogenous dynamics produced symmetric limit cycles, alternations of the constant-environment pattern.
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