We study the X-ray properties of LINER sources with definite detection of a broad H(alpha) emission line in their optical spectra, LINER 1s from Ho et al. sample. These objects preferentially harbor a low luminosity active nucleus at the center and show small or no intrinsic absorption (<10^(22) cm^(-1)). We analyzed all available X-ray archived XMM-Newton and Chandra observations of 13 LINER 1s satisfying the above criterion in a systematic homogeneous way. We looked for any correlations between the X-ray properties and the intrinsic parameters of our sample of LINER 1s. An absorbed power-law gave a good fit to the spectra of 9 out of the 13 sources. A thermal component and an absorbed power-law were required in the remaining 4 sources. We found a photon index between 1.3\pm0.2 for the hardest source and 2.4^(+0.2)_(-0.3) for the softest one with a mean value of 1.9\pm0.2 and a dispersion sigma=0.3. The thermal component had a mean temperature kT~0.6 keV. Significant short (hours to days) time-scale variability is not common in the present sample and was observed in only 2 sources (NGC 3226 and NGC 4278). Three other sources indicate a possible variability with a low K-S test probability (2%-4%) that the nuclear emission originates from a constant source. Significant variability on months to years time-scales is detected in 7 out of the 9 sources observed more than once. No significant Fe K(alpha) emission line at 6.4 keV was detected and upper limits were derived for the 4 sources with a high enough signal to noise ratio around 6 keV. Finally, we established, for the first time for a sample of LINER 1s, that the photon index is significantly anticorrelated to L_(2-10 keV)/L_(Edd). This anticorrelation is similar to the one seen in XRBs in their low/hard state where a radiatively inefficient accretion flow is thought to be responsible for the X-ray emitted energy.
Low-Ionisation Nuclear Emission-line Regions (LINERs) are the least luminous and the most numerous among the local population of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). They can be classified as type-1 or type-2 if their optical spectra show or do not show, respectively, a broad component. It is associated with the presence of a Broad Line Region (BLR) in these systems. However, recent studies have proven that the classification of type-1 LINERs may be controversial, since space- and ground-based spectroscopy provide contradicting results on the presence of very broad components (Cazzoli et al. 2018). W…
The majority of low-ionization nuclear emission-line regions (LINERs) harbor supermassive black holes with very low accretion rates. However, the accretion flows do not produce enough ionizing photons to power the emission lines emitted on scales of ~100 pc, and therefore additional sources of power are required. We present and analyze Hubble Space Telescope spectra of three nearby luminous LINERs that are spatially resolved on scales of < 9 pc. The targets have multiple indicators of an accreting black hole, as well as a deficient ionizing photon budget. We measure diagnostic emission line ra…
We report the discovery of six active galactic nuclei (AGN) caught "turning on" during the first nine months of the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) survey. The host galaxies were classified as LINERs by weak narrow forbidden line emission in their archival SDSS spectra, and detected by ZTF as nuclear transients. In five of the cases, we found via follow-up spectroscopy that they had transformed into broad-line AGN, reminiscent of the changing-look LINER iPTF 16bco. In one case, ZTF18aajupnt/AT2018dyk, follow-up HST UV and ground-based optical spectra revealed the transformation into a narrow-l…
We estimate chemical abundances and ionization parameters in the nuclear region of a sample of 143 galaxies from the Palomar Spectroscopic Survey, composed by Star-Forming Galaxies (87), Seyferts 2 (16) and LINERs (40) using the \textsc{Hii-Chi-mistry} code. We also study for each spectral type the correlation of the derived quantities with other different properties of the host galaxies, such as morphology, stellar mass, luminosity and mass of their Supermassive Black Holes. The results obtained for Star-Forming Galaxies are used to check the soundness of our methodology. Then, we replicate a…
We investigated the 65$μ$m, 71$μ$m, 79$μ$m, 84$μ$m, 119$μ$m, and 163$μ$m OH doublets of 178 local (0 < $z$ < 0.35) galaxies. They were observed using the $Herschel$/PACS spectrometer, including Seyfert galaxies, LINERs, and star-forming galaxies. We observe these doublets exclusively in absorption (OH71), primarily in absorption (OH65, OH84), mostly in emission (OH79), only in emission (OH163) and an approximately even mix of the both (OH119). In 19 galaxies we find P-Cygni or reverse P-Cygni line profiles in the OH doublets. We use several galaxy observables to probe spectral classification, …
We report the results of joint Chandra/ACIS - NuSTAR deep observations of NGC 1167, the host galaxy of the young radio jet B2 0258+35. In the ACIS data we detect X-ray emission, extended both along and orthogonal to the jet. At the end of the SE radio jet, we find lower-energy X-ray emission that coincides with a region of CO turbulence and fast outflow motions. This suggests that the hot Interstellar Medium (ISM) may be compressed by the jet and molecular outflow, resulting in more efficient cooling. Hydrodynamic simulations of jet-ISM interaction tailored to NGC 1167 are in agreement with th…
We present a narrowband [O III] imaging survey of 111 AGN hosts and 17 merging-galaxy systems, in search of distant extended emission-line regions (EELRs) around AGN (either extant or faded). Our data reach deeper than detection from the broadband SDSS data, and cover a wider field than some early emission-line surveys used to study extended structure around AGN. Spectroscopic followup confirms two new distant AGN-ionized clouds, in the merging systems NGC 235 and NGC 5514, projected at 26 and 75 kpc from the nuclei (respectively). We also recover the previously-known region in NGC 7252. These…
We present maps of the ionized gas flux distributions, excitation, star-formation rate SFR, surface mass density $Σ_{H+}$, and obtain total values of SFR and ionized gas masses {\it M} for 62 Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) observed with SDSS-IV MaNGA and compare them with those of a control sample of 112 non-active galaxies. The most luminous AGN -- with $L(\rm{[OIII]}λ5007) \ge 3.8\times 10^{40}\,\mbox{erg}\,\mbox{s}^{-1}$, and those hosted by earlier-type galaxies are dominated by Seyfert excitation within 0.2 effective radius $R_e$ from the nucleus, surrounded by LINER excitation or transitio…
We present the second data release of high-resolution ($\leq0.2$ arcsec) 1.5-GHz radio images of 177 nearby galaxies from the Palomar sample, observed with the e-MERLIN array, as part of the LeMMINGs (Legacy e-MERLIN Multi-band Imaging of Nearby Galaxy Sample) survey. Together with the 103 targets of the first LeMMINGs data release, this represents a complete sample of 280 local active (LINER and Seyfert) and inactive galaxies HII galaxies and Absorption Line Galaxies, ALG). This large program is the deepest radio survey of the local Universe, $\gtrsim$10$^{17.6}$ W Hz$^{-1}$, regardless of th…
We present the results of a stacking analysis performed on Spitzer/Infrared Spectrograph high-resolution mid-infrared spectra of luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs) in the Great Observatories All-Sky LIRG Survey (GOALS). By binning on mid-infrared active galactic nucleus (AGN) fraction and stacking spectra, we detect bright emission lines [Ne II] and [Ne III], which trace star formation, and fainter emission lines [Ne V] and [O IV], which trace AGN activity, throughout the sample. We find the [Ne II] luminosity is fairly constant across all AGN fraction bins, while the [O IV] and [Ne V] luminos…
Intermediate mass black holes in AGN disks II. Model predictions & observational constraints
如果中等质量黑洞（IMBH）在超大质量黑洞周围的气体盘中有效地生长，它们的宿主活动星系核（AGN）盘应该表现出无数的观测特征。活动星系核盘中的间隙开放IMBH可以表现出与有间隙的原行星盘相似的光谱特征和变化性。在最内层的磁盘缺口开放IMBH印记的波纹和振荡的广泛的Fe K $α$线，这可能是可检测的未来的X射线任务。非能隙开放的IMBH将吸积并产生相对于连续辐射的软X射线过剩。在AGN盘的逆行轨道上的IMBH不会打开间隙，并且会从弓形激波的“逆风”中产生软X射线。在大腔体中吸积IMBH可以从局部电离气体中产生类似ULX的X射线亮度和类似LINER的光学线比。我们认为，许多LINER容纳一个弱吸积的MBH双星在一个大的中央盘腔，并将发光的引力波（GW）的来源。星系核中的IMBH也可以通过间歇性的观测信号来检测，包括：由于潮汐破裂事件引起的UV/X射线耀斑，AGN凌日所揭示的不对称X射线强度分布，准周期振荡和低亮度Ia型超新星。在IMBH螺旋和碰撞期间发射的GW可以用eLISA和LIGO检测到，特别是来自LINER。我们总结了观察到的特征，并在可能的情况下与当前数据进行比较，或建议未来的观察。
We present the discovery of a luminous X-ray transient, serendipitously detected by Swift's X-ray Telescope (XRT) on 2020 February 5, located in the nucleus of the galaxy SDSS J143359.16+400636.0 at z=0.099 (luminosity distance $D_{\rm L}=456$ Mpc). The transient was observed to reach a peak luminosity of $\sim10^{44}$ erg s$^{-1}$ in the 0.3--10 keV X-ray band, which was $\sim20$ times more than the peak optical/UV luminosity. Optical, UV, and X-ray lightcurves from the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) and Swift show a decline in flux from the source consistent with $t^{-5/3}$, and observation…
NGC 6744 is the nearest and brightest south-hemisphere galaxy with a morphological type similar to that of the Milky Way. Using data obtained with the Integral Field Unit of the Gemini South Multi-Object Spectrograph, we found that this galaxy has a nucleus with LINER (Low Ionization Nuclear Emission Line Region) surrounded by three line emitting regions. The analysis of the Hubble Space Telescope archival images revealed that the nucleus is associated with a blue compact source, probably corresponding to the active galactic nucleus (AGN). The circumnuclear emission seems to be part of the ext…
The MIXR sample: AGN activity versus star formation across the cross-correlation of WISE, 3XMM, and FIRST/NVSS
我们交叉关联了最大的中红外（WISE），X射线（3XMM）和无线电（FIRST+NVSS）目录，以定义活动星系核和恒星形成星系的MIXR样本。我们根据它们在WISE颜色/颜色图上的位置对源进行预分类，表明MIXR三重选择对于诊断单个种群的恒星形成和活动星系核活动是非常有效的，即使是在通量/星等的基础上，也可以将诊断扩展到SDSS DR 12的光度和红移对象。我们恢复的无线电/中红外恒星形成的相关性非常准确，并使用它来分类我们的来源，根据他们的活动，无线电响亮和无线电安静AGN，LERG/LINER，和非AGN星系。这些诊断可以证明对大型活动星系核和星系样本非常有用，并有助于在下一代仪器的数据可用时开发有效分类源的方法。我们详细研究了偏差，并表明，虽然广泛使用的智慧的活动星系核的颜色选择是非常成功的干净选择发光活动星系核的样本，他们错过或错误分类的活动星系核在较低的光度和/或较高的红移的相当一部分。MIXR还使我们能够测试在无线电大声AGN，预计由于相互依赖的吸积的紧密相关性的辐射和动力（喷流）功率之间的关系。我们的研究结果强调，长期活动星系核的变化，喷流调节，和其他因素影响$Q/L$ $_{bol}$关系，引入了大量的分散在这种关系，戏剧性的潜在后果，我们目前的了解活动星系核的反馈及其对恒星形成的影响。
Multiphase Analysis of (U)LIRG Nuclear Activity (MAUNA). I. Spatially Resolved Optical Emission-Line Diagnostics
California Institute of Technology（加州理工学院）；University of California, Irvine（加州大学尔湾分校）；Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias（加那利天体物理研究所）；Universidad de La Laguna（拉帕鲁纳大学）
