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arXiv 1104.4763astro-ph.EPastro-ph.SR
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非凌日类地系外行星的热相位曲线1。表征大气

Thermal phase curves of nontransiting terrestrial exoplanets 1. Characterizing atmospheres

Franck Selsis, Robin Wordsworth, François Forget

摘要:

虽然凌日光谱是研究系外行星大气的组成、热性质和动力学的一种强大方法,但只有少数凌日的类地系外行星足够接近,可以进行重要的凌日光谱。热相位曲线(行星的视红外辐射随轨道相位的变化)已经在凌日和非凌日两种构型的热彗星上观测到,并且可以在热的类地系外行星上观测到。我们研究了潮汐锁定的类地行星的热辐射的波长和相位的变化作为大气压力的增加,并解决这些多波段的相位曲线的可观测性和使用它们来检测大气成分的能力。我们使用了一个三维气候模式(GCM)来模拟一个类地行星在围绕M3矮星的8天轨道上的CO2大气及其作为其轨道相位的函数的表观红外辐射。我们估计的信号,光子噪声比在2.5和20微米之间的窄带为10 pc的目标观察6和1.5米的望远镜(分别为JWST和ECHO的大小)。我们发现,大气吸收带产生的签名,我们称之为变化谱。没有大气层的行星产生很大的变化,可以很容易地从密集的吸收大气层中区分出来。光子噪声限制附近系统的分光光度法可以使我们能够检测和表征的大气层的非过境类地行星已知的径向速度调查。这类观测的两个明显障碍是在至少一个轨道期间所需的光度灵敏度(1 E-5)和恒星的内在变化。然而,克服这些障碍将使获得一个数量级以上的目标比过境光谱。

英文摘要:

Although transit spectroscopy is a powerful method for studying the composition, thermal properties and dynamics of exoplanet atmospheres, only a few transiting terrestrial exoplanets will be close enough to allow significant transit spectroscopy. Thermal phase curves (variations of the apparent infrared emission of the planet with its orbital phase) have been observed for hot Jupiters in both transiting and nontransiting configurations, and could be observed for hot terrestrial exoplanets. We study the wavelength and phase changes of the thermal emission of a tidally-locked terrestrial planet as atmospheric pressure increases, and address the observability of these multiband phase-curves and the ability to use them to detect atmospheric constituents. We used a 3D climate model (GCM) to simulate the CO2 atmosphere of a terrestrial planet on an 8-day orbit around a M3 dwarf and its apparent infrared emission as a function of its orbital phase. We estimated the signal to photon-noise ratio in narrow bands between 2.5 and 20 microns for a 10 pc target observed with a 6 and 1.5 m telescope (respectively the sizes of JWST and EChO). We find that tmospheric absorption bands produce signatures in what we call the variation spectrum. Planets with no atmosphere produce large variations and can be easily distinguished from dense absorbing atmospheres. Photon-noise limited spectro-photometry of nearby systems could allow us to detect and characterize the atmosphere of nontransiting terrestrial planets known from radial velocity surveys. Two obvious impediments for these types of observations are the required photometric sensitivity (1E-5) over the duration of at least one orbit and the intrinsic stellar variability. However, overcoming these obstacles would give access to one order of magnitude more targets than transit spectroscopy.

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