29 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables; Chapter 9 in "Gamma-Ray Bursts", eds. C. Kouveliotou, R. A. M. J. Wijers, S. E. Woosley, Cambridge University Press, 2011
发表信息：
Gamma-Ray Bursts, Cambridge Astrophysics Series 51, pp. 169-190 (2012)
A preponderance of evidence links long-duration, soft-spectrum gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) with the death of massive stars. The observations of the GRB-supernova (SN) connection present the most direct evidence of this physical link. We summarize 30 GRB-SN associations and focus on five ironclad cases, highlighting the subsequent insight into the progenitors enabled by detailed observations. We also address the SN association (or lack thereof) with several sub-classes of GRBs, finding that the X-ray Flash (XRF) population is likely associated with massive stellar death whereas short-duration events likely arise from an older population not readily capable of producing a SN concurrent with a GRB. Interestingly, a minority population of seemingly long-duration, soft-spectrum GRBs show no evidence for SN-like activity; this may be a natural consequence of the range of Ni-56 production expected in stellar deaths.
The observed association between supernovae and gamma-ray bursts represents a cornerstone in our understanding of the nature of gamma-ray bursts. The collapsar model provides a theoretical framework for this connection. A key element is the launch of a bi-polar jet (seen as a gamma-ray burst). The resulting hot cocoon disrupts the star while the 56Ni produced gives rise to radioactive heating of the ejecta, seen as a supernova. In this discussion paper I summarise the observational status of the supernova/gamma-ray burst connection in the context of the 'engine' picture of jet-driven supernova…
Short gamma ray bursts have been observed a variety of galaxies types with varying angular offsets from the centre of their host galaxies. To investigate the properties of short gamma ray burst offsets, a sample of short gamma ray bursts with host galaxies has been gathered. Two formation channels proposed to explain the observed offsets of short gamma ray bursts from their host galaxies are discussed. The classification of short gamma ray bursts into these formation channels is demonstrated for short gamma ray bursts with host galaxies. The possibility of faint dwarf galaxies as host environm…
The field of gamma-ray burst astronomy arguably went through three decades of growing pains before reaching maturity. What development lessons can be learned for the adolescent field of fast radio burst astronomy?
The well-sampled afterglows of gamma ray bursts (GRBs) not associated with a supernova (SN) explosion, can be scaled down to a simple dimensionless universal formula, which describes well their temporal behavior. Such SN-less GRBs include short hard bursts (SHBs) and long SN-less GRBs. The universal temporal behavior of their afterglows is that expected from a pulsar wind nebula powered by the rotational energy loss of the newly born pulsar.
Our correlation analysis of Swift gamma-ray burst coordinates and nearby star locations (catalog Gliese) reveals 4 coincidences with angular accuracy better than 0.1 degree. The random probability is 2\times 10^{-4}, so evidencing that coincident stars are indeed gamma-ray burst sources. The fifth coincident gamma-burst could be added (angular accuracy 0.14 degree) with random probability for 5 events \sim 10^{-5}.
Observations of a long-lasting Gamma-ray burst, one that has the brightest optical counterpart yet discovered, challenge theoretical understanding of these bursts but may enhance their usefulness as cosmic probes.
Recently, GRB 170817A was confirmed to be associated with GW 170817, which was produced by a neutron star - neutron star merger. It indicates that at least some short gamma-ray bursts come from binary neutron star mergers. Theoretically, it is widely accepted that short gamma-ray bursts can be produced by two distinctly different mechanisms, binary neutron star mergers and neutron star - black hole mergers. These two kinds of bursts should be different observationally due to their different trigger mechanisms. Motivated by this idea, we collect a universal data set constituted of 51 short gamm…
One of the most luminous explosions detected, gamma-ray bursts, especially the so-called long-duration bursts, most probably consist of an intrinsic core-collapse to a black hole inside a super massive star. We point out that this collapse alone will give a generic gravitational wave burst. It has been shown that the strength of this burst depends on the dimensionless spin parameter of the collapsing object. Under descent assumptions the gamma-ray burst's central engine powers the explosion electromagnetically due to the rotation of the newly formed black hole. We argue that the peak luminosit…
The discovery of a short-lived gamma-ray burst at a surprisingly early epoch in the history of the Universe shows how much is still unknown about the evolution of the parent systems of such bursts.
This Erratum modifies the original article entitled "Primordial black hole origin for thermal gamma ray bursts", which was published in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 506, 806 (2021).
The Pioneer Venus Orbiter (PVO) Gamma-ray burst experiment detected 318 gamma-ray bursts over about 14 years between 1978 and 1992 with near $4π$ coverage. This data set complements BATSE by determining the properties of the brightest gamma-ray bursts. PVO places a constrains on the slope of the bright end of the Log N-Log P distribution. The slope is -1.52$\pm 0.15$.
We demonstrate how pulse structures in Short gamma-ray bursts (SGRBs), coupled with observations of GRB/GW 170817A, constrain the geometries of dying HMXRB systems composed of merging neutron stars.
A new class of ultra-long duration (>10,000 s) gamma-ray bursts has recently been suggested. They may originate in the explosion of stars with much larger radii than normal long gamma-ray bursts or in the tidal disruptions of a star. No clear supernova had yet been associated with an ultra-long gamma-ray burst. Here we report that a supernova (2011kl) was associated with the ultra-long duration burst 111209A, at z=0.677. This supernova is more than 3 times more luminous than type Ic supernovae associated with long gamma-ray bursts, and its spectrum is distinctly different. The continuum slope …
Three years after the launch of the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, both of its scientific instruments are operating perfectly and continuing to make breakthroughs in astrophysics, particle physics, and atmospheric science. I report here on the highlights of the scientific program of the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM).
We consider the possibility of observing supernova (SN) - gamma-ray burst (GRB) pairs separated by several years. These energetic events correspond to the second SN explosion in a double star system followed by the formation of the very short-lived pair of compact objects and finally by the GRB generation after their merge. Possible connection of SN 1997ds and GRB 990425 is discussed.
We have searched for the third, 'intermediate', subgroup of gamma-ray bursts among nearly 400 gamma-ray bursts observed by the Swift satellite. The standard chi^2 method and F-test were applied which give support for the existence of this subgroup.
We present a dissipative photospheric model for gamma-ray bursts where the usual Band peak around MeV energies arises as synchrotron emission from around the photosphere. We treat the initial acceleration in a general way and the GeV emission arises as the interaction of photospheric radiation and the shocked electrons at the deceleration radius. We show some applications of this model.
The upper limit on the flux of ultra high energy neutrinos from gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) that was reported recently by the IceCube collaboration contradicts predictions based on the Fireball model of GRBs, but does not exclude GRBs as a main source of ultra-high energy cosmic rays.
The late afterglow of gamma-ray burst is believed to be due to progressive deceleration of the forward shock wave driven by the gamma-ray burst ejecta propagating in the interstellar medium. We study the dynamic effect of interstellar turbulence on shock wave propagation. It is shown that the shock wave decelerates more quickly than previously assumed without the turbulence. As an observational consequence, an earlier jet break will appear in the light curve of the forward shock wave. The scatter of the jet-corrected energy release for gamma-ray burst, inferred from the jet-break, may be partl…
Despite not being specifically designed for the study of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), the INTEGRAL satellite is giving a relevant contribution to this field with the detection of about 10 GRB per year in the IBIS field of view. The ground-based INTEGRAL Burst Alert System (IBAS) has provided real-time localizations with 2-3 arcmin accuracy for most of these events. The INTEGRAL sample now comprises 81 bursts, including 4 of the short class. IBAS has also revealed other transient events from various classes of Galactic sources, most notably short bursts and flares from magnetar candidates. Here I p…
Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are luminous and violent phenomena in the universe. Traditionally, long GRBs are expected to be produced by the collapse of massive stars and associated with supernovae. However, some low-redshift long GRBs have no detection of supernova association, such as GRBs 060505, 060614 and 111005A. It is hard to classify these events convincingly according to usual classifications, and the lack of the supernova implies a non-massive star origin. We propose a new path to produce long GRBs without supernova association, the unstable and extremely violent accretion in a contact bi…
Since 1997 the neutrino telescope AMANDA at the geographic South Pole has been monitoring our Galaxy for neutrino bursts from supernovae. Triggers were introduced in 2004 to submit burst candidates to the Supernova Early Warning System SNEWS. From 2007 the burst search was extended to the much larger IceCube telescope, which now supersedes AMANDA. By exploiting the low photomultiplier noise in the antarctic ice (on average 280Hz for IceCube), neutrino bursts from nearby supernovae can be identified by the induced collective rise in the pulse rates. Although only a counting experiment, IceCube …
The peak time of optical afterglow may be used as a proxy to constrain the Lorentz factor Gamma of the gamma-ray burst (GRB) ejecta. We revisit this method by including bursts with optical observations that started when the afterglow flux was already decaying; these bursts can provide useful lower limits on Gamma. Combining all analyzed bursts in our sample, we find that the previously reported correlation between Gamma and the burst luminosity L_gamma does not hold. However, the data clearly shows a lower bound Gamma_min which increases with L_gamma. We suggest an explanation for this feature…
Gamma-ray bursts are the most luminous explosions in the Universe, whose origin and mechanism is the focus of intense interest. They appear connected to supernova remnants from massive stars or the merger of their remnants, and their brightness makes them temporarily detectable out to the larges distances yet explored in the Universe. After pioneering breakthroughs from space and ground experiments, their study is entering a new phase with observations from the recently launched \fermi satellite, as well as the prospect of detections or limits from large neutrino and gravitational wave detecto…
The Large Area Telescope (LAT) on-board the Fermi satellite detected emission above 20 MeV only in a small fraction of the long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) detected by the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) at 8 keV-40 MeV. Those bursts that were detected by the LAT were among the brightest GBM bursts. The emission detected by LAT seerms to be delayed respect to the one detected by the GBM. In this review I will show the main implications of these LAT observations on the GRB models and discuss the importance of a synergy between Fermi and other telescopes.
In the first two years since the launch of the Fermi Observatory, the Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) has detected over 500 Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs), of which 18 were confidently detected by the Large Area Telescope (LAT) above 100 MeV. Besides GRBs, GBM has triggered on other transient sources, such as Soft Gamma Repeaters (SGRs), Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes (TGFs) and solar flares. Here we present the science highlights of the GBM observations.
The Large Area Telescope (LAT) on the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope observatory is a pair conversion telescope sensitive to gamma-rays over more than four energy decades, between 20 MeV and more than 300 GeV. Acting in synergy with the Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) - the other instrument onboard the mission - the LAT features unprecedented sensitivity for the study of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) in terms of spectral coverage, effective area, and instrumental dead time. We will review the main results from Fermi-LAT observation of GRB, presenting the main properties of GRBs at GeV energies.
The recently discovered rapid transient GN-z11-flash has been suggested to be the prompt-emission ultraviolet flash associated with a gamma-ray burst serendipitously exploding in the ultra-high-$z$ galaxy GN-z11. We here place the flash into the context of the early ultraviolet emission of gamma-ray bursts, and find it is in agreement with the luminosity distribution of these events.
The probability of observing "supernova - gamma-ray burst" (GRB) pair events and recurrent GRBs from one galaxy in a time interval of several years has been estimated. Supernova explosions in binary systems accompanied by the formation of a short-lived pair of compact objects can be the sources of such events. If a short GRB is generated during the collision of a pair, then approximately each of ~300 short GRBs with redshift z must have an optical precursor - a supernova in the observer's time interval <2(1+z)yr. If the supernova explosion has the pattern of a hypernova, then a successive obse…
Current models suggest gamma-ray bursts could be used as a way of probing Population III stars - the first stars in the early Universe. In this paper we use numerical simulations to demonstrate that late time radio observations of gamma-ray burst afterglows could provide a means of identifying bursts that originate from Population III stars, if these were highly massive, independently from their redshift. We then present the results from a pilot study using the Australia Telescope Compact Array at 17 GHz, designed to test the hypothesis that there may be Population III gamma-ray bursts amongst…
The binary neutron star merger responsible for the gravitational wave event, GW170817, strengthened the merger association with short-duration gamma-ray bursts (SGRBs) following the detection of the SGRB counterpart, GRB 170817A. Here we consider the constraints on a population of local gamma-ray bursts with moderately short duration ($T_{90}<4 \textrm{ s}$) and within $d < 200 \textrm{ Mpc}$, that may have originated from similar compact binary mergers. Using well localised gamma-ray bursts from $\sim14.5 \textrm{ years}$ of Swift/Burst Alert Telescope monitoring, we find no events with high …
Compact binary system mergers are expected to generate gravitational radiation detectable by ground-based interferometers. A subset of these, the merger of a neutron star with another neutron star or a black hole, are also the most popular model for the production of short gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). The Swift Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) and the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) trigger on short GRBs (SGRBs) at rates that reflect their relative sky exposures, with the BAT detecting 10 per year compared to about 45 for GBM. We examine the SGRB populations detected by Swift BAT and Fermi GBM. We …
After the launch and successful beginning of operations of the FERMI satellite, the topics related to high-energy observations of gamma-ray bursts have obtained a considerable attention by the scientific community. Undoubtedly, the diagnostic power of high-energy observations in constraining the emission processes and the physical conditions of gamma-ray burst is relevant. We briefly discuss how gamma-ray burst observations with ground-based imaging array Cerenkov telescopes, in the GeV-TeV range, can compete and cooperate with FERMI observations, in the MeV-GeV range, to allow researchers to …
Correlation analysis of Swift gamma-ray burst coordinates and nearby star locations (catalog Gliese) reveals 4 coincidences with good angular accuracy. The random probability is 4\times 10^{-5}, so evidencing that coincident stars are indeed gamma-ray burst sources. Some additional search of stellar gamma-ray bursts is discussed.
Satellites that are capable of detecting gamma-ray bursts can trigger the Antares neutrino telescope via the real-time gamma-ray bursts coordinates network. Thanks to the "all-data-to-shore" concept that is implemented in the data acquisition system of Antares, the sensitivity to neutrinos from gamma-ray bursts is significantly increased when a gamma-ray burst is detected by these satellites. The performance of the satellite-triggered data taking is shown, as well as the resulting gain in detection efficiency. Different search methods can be applied to the data taken in coincidence with gamma-…
Most gamma ray bursts are able to be explained using supernovae related phenomenon. Some measured results still lack compelling explanations and a contributory cause from nuclear criticality is proposed. This is shown to have general properties consistent with various known gamma ray burst properties. The galactic origin of fast rise exponential decay gamma ray bursts is considered a strong candidate for these types of events.
Progenitors of short gamma-ray bursts are thought to be neutron stars coalescing with their companion black hole or neutron star, which are one of the main gravitational wave sources. We have devised a Bayesian framework for combining gamma-ray burst and gravitational wave information that allows us to probe short gamma-ray burst luminosities. We show that combined short gamma-ray burst and gravitational wave observations not only improve progenitor distance and inclination angle estimates, they also allow the isotropic luminosities of short gamma-ray bursts to be determined without the need f…
The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is a 40-kton underground liquid argon time-projection-chamber detector that will have unique sensitivity to the electron flavor component of a core-collapse supernova neutrino burst. We present expected capabilities of DUNE for measurements of neutrinos in the few-tens-of-MeV range relevant for supernova detection and the corresponding sensitivities to neutrino physics and supernova astrophysics. Recent progress and some outstanding issues will be highlighted.
This paper provides an overview of the current state of the stripping model for short gamma-ray bursts. After the historical joint detection of the gravitational wave event GW170817 and the accompanying gamma-ray burst GRB170817A, the relation between short gamma-ray bursts and neutron star mergers has been reliably confirmed. We show that many properties of GRB170817A, which turned out to be peculiar in comparison with other short gamma-ray bursts, are naturally explained in the context of the stripping model, specifically, the time (1.7 s) between the peak of the gravitational wave signal an…
We offer the new type of calibration for gamma-ray bursts (GRB), in which some class of GRB can be marked and has common behavior. We name this behavior Smooth Optical Self Similar Emission (SOS Similar Emission) and identify this subclass of gamma-ray bursts with optical light curves described by a universal scaling function.
The next galactic supernova presents a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to obtain detailed information about the explosion of a star and the extreme conditions found within its core. A core-collapse supernova will produce a neutrino burst visible up to half a day before the electromagnetic radiation from the explosion, so the burst will provide an early warning for optical follow-up. Since local supernovae are exceedingly rare, it is critical that neutrino detectors provide prompt alerts after the arrival of a burst. The IceCube Neutrino Observatory operates with $>99\%$ uptime and is sensitive …
During the process of collapse of a massive star, a cavity is generated between the central iron core and an outer stellar envelope. The dynamics of this cavity, filled with plasma and magnetic field of the rapidly rotating proto-magnetar's magnetosphere, is believed to be very relevant in understanding supernovae and gamma-ray bursts. The interactions of the pressurized conducting plasma and the magnetic fields are described by a set of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations with poloidal and toroidal plasma flows not aligned with magnetic fields. A sequence of MHD equilibria in response to the …
Gamma-ray bursts are flashes of light from distant exploding stars. Cube satellites that monitor photons across different energy bands are used to detect these bursts. There is a need for computationally efficient algorithms, able to run using the limited computational resource onboard a cube satellite, that can detect when gamma-ray bursts occur. Current algorithms are based on monitoring photon counts across a grid of different sizes of time window. We propose a new algorithm, which extends the recently developed FOCuS algorithm for online change detection to Poisson data. Our algorithm is m…
The connection between long GRBs and supernovae is now well established. I briefly review the evidence in favor of this connection and summarise where we are observationally. I also use a few events to exemplify what should be done and what type of data are needed. I also look at what we can learn from looking at SNe not associated with GRBs and see how GRBs fit into the broad picture of stellar explosions.
This brief report describes the search for gravitational-wave inspiral signals from short gamma-ray bursts. Since these events are probably created by the merger of two compact objects, a targeted search with a lower threshold can be made. The data around 22 short gamma-ray bursts have been analyzed.
The Italian communities engaged in Gamma-Ray Burst (GRB) and supernova research have been using actively the ESO telescopes and have contributed to improve and refine the observing techniques and even to guide the characteristics and performances of the instruments that were developed. Members of these two communities have recently found ground for a close collaboration on the powerful supernovae that underlie some GRBs. I will review the programs that have led to some important discoveries and milestones on thermonuclear and core-collapse supernovae and on GRBs.
A plausible scenario for the gamma ray and the hard x-ray burst in a strongly magnetized plasma, based on the collective plasma maser instability, is proposed. The physical parameters with which this scenario becomes relevant are estimated. The attractive feature of this scenario over the conventional cyclotron radiation theory is discussed.
Correlation analysis of gamma-ray burst coordinates and nearby stars, registered on 2008-2011, revealed 5 coincidences with angular accuracy better than 0.1 degree. The random probability is $7\times 10^{-7}$, so evidencing that coincident stars are indeed gamma-ray burst sources. The proposed method should be continued in order to provide their share in common balance of cosmic gamma-ray bursts.
Predictions of the thermodynamic conditions for phase transitions at high baryon densities and large chemical potentials are currently uncertain and largely phenomenological. Neutrino observations of core-collapse supernovae can be used to constrain the situation. Recent simulations of stellar core collapse that include a description of quark matter predict a sharp burst of anti ν_e several hundred milliseconds after the prompt ν_e neutronization burst. We study the observational signatures of that anti ν_e burst at current neutrino detectors - IceCube and Super-Kamiokande. For a Galactic core…
Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and supernovae (SNe) bring new perspectives to the study of neutron stars and white dwarfs, as well as opening new branches of theoretical physics and astrophysics.
Supernova neutrino bursts have been observed from extragalactic distances. This note addresses the question of how gravitational lensing could distort the information in the burst. We apply the gravitational lens hypothesis to try to understand the time and brightness structure of the SN1987A neutrino observations. Estimates of a possible lensing mass and alignment are made. These estimates suggest a path to verification.
I review the searches for gamma-ray bursts at very high redshift. Although the numbers of GRBs known at z>6 remain few, even small samples can provide information about early star and galaxy formation in the universe which is very hard to obtain by any other means.
We report on the 2015 June 25 sustained gamma-ray emission (SGRE) event associated with a halo coronal mass ejection and a type II radio burst in the decameter-hectometric (DH) wavelengths. The duration and ending frequency of the type II burst are linearly related to the SGRE duration as found in previous works involving intense gamma-ray events. This study confirms that the SGRE event is due to protons accelerated in the shock that produced the DH type II burst.
The recent progress in the understanding the physical nature of neutron star equilibrium configurations and the first observational evidence of a genuinely short gamma-ray burst, GRB 090227B, allows to give an estimate of the gravitational waves versus the X and Gamma-ray emission in a short gamma-ray burst.
In search for the possible astrophysical sources behind origination of the diverse gamma-ray bursts, cluster analyses are performed to find homogeneous groups, which discover an intermediate group other than the conventional short and long bursts. However, very recently, few studies indicate a possibility of the existence of more than three (namely five) groups. Therefore, in this paper, fuzzy clustering is conducted on the gamma-ray bursts from the final 'Burst and Transient Source Experiment' catalog to cross-check the significance of these new groups. Meticulous study on individual bursts b…
Gamma-ray bursts are the most powerful explosions in the universe and are mainly placed at very large redshifts, up to $z\simeq 9$. In this short review, we first discuss gamma-ray burst classification and morphological properties. We then report the likely relations between gamma-ray bursts and other astronomical objects, such as black holes, supernovae, neutron stars, etc., discussing in detail gamma-ray burst progenitors. We classify long and short gamma-ray bursts, working out their timescales, and introduce the standard fireball model. Afterwards, we focus on direct applications of gamma-…
We give the first self-consistent calculation of the effect of the scattered neutrino halo on flavor evolution in supernovae. Our example case is an O-Ne-Mg core collapse supernova neutronization neutrino burst. We find that the addition of the halo neutrinos produces qualitative and quantitative changes in the final flavor states of neutrinos. We also find that the halo neutrinos produce a novel distortion of the neutrino flavor swap. Our results provide strong motivation for tackling the full multidimensional and composition-dependent aspects of this problem in the future.
Gamma-Ray Bursts are likely associated with a catastrophic energy release in stellar mass objects. Electromagnetic observations provide important, but indirect information on the progenitor. On the other hand, gravitational waves emitted from the central source, carry direct information on its nature. In this context, I give an overview of the multi-messenger study of gamma-ray bursts that can be carried out by using electromagnetic and gravitational wave observations. I also underline the importance of joint electromagnetic and gravitational wave searches, in the absence of a gamma-ray trigge…
Times of arrival of high energy neutrinos encode information about their sources. We demonstrate that the energy-dependence of the onset time of neutrino emission in advancing relativistic jets can be used to extract important information about the supernova/gamma-ray burst progenitor structure. We examine this energy and time dependence for different supernova and gamma-ray burst progenitors, including red and blue supergiants, helium cores, Wolf-Rayet stars, and chemically homogeneous stars, with a variety of masses and metallicities. For choked jets, we calculate the cutoff of observable ne…
