We examine the thermal evolution of a sequence of compact objects containing low-mass hadronic and high-mass quark-hadronic stars constructed from a microscopically motivated equation of state. The dependence of the cooling tracks in the temperature versus age plane is studied on the variations of the gaplessness parameter (the ratio of the pairing gap for red-green quarks to the electron chemical potential) and the magnitude of blue quark gap. The pairing in the red-green channel is modeled assuming an inhomogeneous superconducting phase to avoid tachionic instabilities and anomalies in the specific heat; the blue colored condensate is modeled as a Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS)-type color superconductor. We find that massive stars containing quark matter cool faster in the neutrino-cooling era if one of the colors (blue) is unpaired and/or the remaining colors (red-green) are paired in a inhomogeneous gapless superconducting state. The cooling curves show significant variations along the sequence, as the mass (or the central density) of the models is varied. This feature provides a handle for fine-tuning the models to fit the data on the surface temperatures of same-age neutron stars. In the late-time photon cooling era we observe inversion in the temperature arrangement of models, i.e., stars experiencing fast neutrino cooling are asymptotically hotter than their slowly cooling counterparts.
Massive Hybrid Quark Stars with Strong Magnetic Field
我们估计了最低或第二朗道能级在混合星内部夸克相位中起重要作用的临界磁场强度，并证明了在核密度为$\sim0.16$ fm $^{-3}$时，磁场应是$10^{19}$高斯量级.我们还发现，夸克物质只在最低朗道能级处沉降的压力可以表示为能量密度的函数，与磁场强度无关，这对应于刚性状态方程的因果极限。核心中夸克物质的绝热指数远远超过4/3，我们发现有可能构建大质量的混合星模型，其中大部分被夸克物质占据，其最大质量大于两个太阳质量。
