The Atlas3D project - V. The CO Tully-Fisher relation of early-type galaxies
Timothy A. Davis, Martin Bureau, Lisa M. Young, Katherine Alatalo, Leo Blitz, Michele Cappellari, Nicholas Scott, Maxime Bois, Frederic Bournaud, Roger L. Davie… 展开作者
Timothy A. Davis, Martin Bureau, Lisa M. Young, Katherine Alatalo, Leo Blitz, Michele Cappellari, Nicholas Scott, Maxime Bois, Frederic Bournaud, Roger L. Davies, P. Tim de Zeeuw, Eric Emsellem, Sadegh Khochfar, Davor Krajnovic, Harald Kuntschner, Pierre-Yves Lablanche, Richard M. McDermid, Raffaella Morganti, Thorsten Naab, Tom Oosterloo, Marc Sarzi, Paolo Serra, Anne-Marie Weijmans
We demonstrate here using both single-dish and interferometric observations that CO molecules are an excellent kinematic tracer, even in high-mass galaxies, allowing us to investigate for the first time the CO Tully-Fisher relation of early-type galaxies. We compare the Tully-Fisher relations produced using both single-dish and interferometric data and various inclination estimation methods, and evaluate the use of the velocity profile shape as a criterion for selecting galaxies in which the molecular gas extends beyond the peak of the rotation curve. We show that the gradient and zero-point of the best-fit relations are robust, independent of the velocity measure and inclination used, and agree with those of relations derived using stellar kinematics. We also show that the early-type CO Tully-Fisher (CO-TF) relation is offset from the CO-TF of spirals by 0.98 \pm 0.22 magnitude at Ks-band, in line with other results. The intrinsic scatter of the relation is found to be \approx 0.4 magnitudes, similar to the level found in the spiral galaxy population. Next generation facilities such as the Large Millimeter Telescope (LMT) and the Atacama Large Millimeter/Sub-millimeter Array (ALMA) should allow this technique to be used in higher-redshift systems, providing a simple new tool to trace the mass-to-light ratio evolution of the most massive galaxies over cosmic time.
The 2MASS Tully-Fisher Survey (2MTF) aims to measure Tully-Fisher (TF) distances for all bright inclined spirals in the 2MASS Redshift Survey (2MRS) using high quality HI widths and 2MASS photometry. Compared with previous peculiar velocity surveys, the 2MTF survey provides more accurate width measurements and more uniform sky coverage, combining observations with the Green Bank, Arecibo and Parkes telescopes. With this new redshift-independent distance database, we will significantly improve our understanding of the mass distribution in the local universe.
The Tully-Fisher relation of spiral galaxies shows notable dependence on morphological types, with earlier type spirals having systematically lower luminosity at fixed maximum rotation velocity $V_{max}$. This decrement of luminosity is more significant in shorter wavelengths. By modeling the rotation curve and stellar population of different morphological type spiral galaxies in combination, we find the $V_{max}$ of spiral galaxies is weakly dependent on the morphological type, whereas the difference of the stellar population originating from the bulge disk composition effect mainly account f…
In this work, we studied the stellar and baryonic Tully-Fisher relations by using hydrodynamical simulations in a cosmological framework. We found that supernova feedback plays an important role on shaping the stellar Tully-Fisher relation causing a steepening of its slope at the low-mass end, consistently with observations. The bend of the relation occurs at a characteristic velocity of approximately 100 km/s, in concordance with previous observational and theoretical findings. With respect to the baryonic Tully-Fisher relation, the model predicts a linear trend at z~0 with a weaker tendency …
The relation between galaxy luminosity L and halo virial velocity v_vir required to fit the galaxy luminosity function differs from the observed Tully-Fisher relation between L and disc speed v_rot. Hence the problem of reproducing the galaxy luminosity function and the Tully-Fisher relation simultaneously has plagued semianalytic models since their inception. Here we study the relation between v_rot and v_vir by fitting observational average rotation curves of disc galaxies binned in luminosity. We show that the v_rot - v_vir relation that we obtain in this way can fully account for this seem…
We have studied the origin of the Tully-Fisher relation by analysing hydrodynamical simulations in a Lambda-CDM universe. We found that smaller galaxies exhibit lower stellar masses than those predicted by the linear fit to high mass galaxies (fast rotators), consistently with observations. In this model, these trends are generated by the more efficient action of Supernova feedback in the regulation of the star formation in smaller galaxies. Without introducing scale-dependent parameters, the model predicts that the Tully-Fisher relation bends at a characteristic velocity of around 100 km/s, i…
Recent observational results found a bend in the Tully-Fisher Relation in such a way that low mass systems lay below the linear relation described by more massive galaxies. We intend to investigate the origin of the observed features in the stellar and baryonic Tully-Fisher relations and analyse the role played by galactic outflows on their determination. Cosmological hydrodynamical simulations which include Supernova feedback were performed in order to follow the dynamical evolution of galaxies. We found that Supernova feedback is a fundamental process in order to reproduce the observed trend…
We used K-band photometry, maximum rotational velocities derived from Fabry-Perot data and HI observed and predicted masses to study, for the first time, the K-band, stellar and baryonic Tully-Fisher relations for galaxies in Hickson compact groups. We compared these relations with the ones defined for galaxies in less dense environments from the GHASP survey and from a sample of gas-rich galaxies. We find that most of the Hickson compact group galaxies lie on the K-band Tully-Fisher relation defined by field galaxies with a few low-mass outliers, namely HCG 49b and HCG 96c, which appear to ha…
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute（韩国天文学与空间科学研究所）；University of Queensland（昆士兰大学）；IFPU -- Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe（宇宙基础物理研究所）；University of Hertfordshire（赫特福德大学）；University of Manchester（曼彻斯特大学）；University of Western Cape（西开普敦大学）
We studied, for the first time, the near infrared, stellar and baryonic Tully-Fisher relations for a sample of field galaxies taken from an homogeneous Fabry-Perot sample of galaxies (the GHASP survey). The main advantage of GHASP over other samples is that maximum rotational velocities were estimated from 2D velocity fields, avoiding assumptions about the inclination and position angle of the galaxies. By combining these data with 2MASS photometry, optical colors, HI masses and different mass-to-light ratio estimators, we found a slope of 4.48\pm0.38 and 3.64\pm0.28 for the stellar and baryon…
We calibrate the Baryonic Tully-Fisher (BTF) Relation using a sample of gas dominated galaxies. These determine the absolute scale of the baryonic mass--rotation speed relation independent of the choice of stellar mass estimator. We find a BTF slope of 3.94 +/- 0.07 (random) +/- 0.08 (systematic) and a zero point of 1.79 +/- 0.26 (random) +/- 0.25 (systematic). We apply this relation to estimate the stellar masses of star dominated galaxies. This procedure reproduces the trend of mass-to-light ratio with color predicted by population synthesis models. The normalization is also correct, consist…
The study of the evolution of the Tully-Fisher relation has been controversial in the past years. The main difficulty is in determining the required parameters for intermediate and high redshift galaxies. This work aims to identify the main problems of the study of the Tully-Fisher relation at high redshift using optical emission lines, in order to draw conclusions about the possible evolution of this relation in the B, R, and I-bands. With this aim, the rotational velocities obtained from the widths of different optical lines using DEEP2 spectra are compared. Morphology has been determined vi…
We obtained new Fabry-Perot data cubes and derived velocity fields, monochromatic and velocity dispersion maps for 28 galaxies in the Hickson compact groups 37, 40, 47, 49, 54, 56, 68, 79 and 93. We find that one third of the non-barred compact group galaxies have position angle misalignments between the stellar and gaseous components. This and the asymmetric rotation curves are clear signatures of kinematic perturbations, probably due to interactions among compact group galaxies. A comparison between the B-band Tully-Fisher relation for compact group galaxies and that for the GHASP field-gala…
Local Group dwarf spheroidal satellite galaxies are the faintest extragalactic stellar systems known. We examine recent data for these objects in the plane of the Baryonic Tully-Fisher Relation (BTFR). While some dwarf spheroidals adhere to the BTFR, others deviate substantially. We examine the residuals from the BTFR and find that they are not random. The residuals correlate with luminosity, size, metallicity, ellipticity, and susceptibility of the dwarfs to tidal disruption in the sense that fainter, more elliptical, and tidally more susceptible dwarfs deviate farther from the BTFR. These co…
We analyse the Tully-Fisher relation at moderate redshift from the point of view of the underlying stellar populations, by comparing optical and NIR photometry with a phenomenological model that combines population synthesis with a simple prescription for chemical enrichment. The sample comprises 108 late-type galaxies extracted from the FORS Deep Field (FDF) and William Herschel Deep Field (WHDF) surveys at z<1 (median redshift z=0.45). A correlation is found between stellar mass and the parameters that describe the star formation history, with massive galaxies forming their populations early…
Scaling relations are salient ingredients of galaxy evolution and formation models. I summarize results from the IMAGES survey, which combines spatially-resolved kinematics from FLAMES/GIRAFFE with imaging from HST/ACS and other facilities. Specifically, I will focus on the evolution of the stellar mass and baryonic Tully-Fisher Relations (TFR) from z=0.6 down to z=0. We found a significant evolution in zero point and scatter of the stellar mass TFR compared to the local Universe. Combined with gas fractions derived by inverting the Schmidt-Kennicutt relation, we derived for the first time a b…
We present the results of a baryonic Tully-Fisher relation (BTFR) study for a local sample of relatively isolated disk galaxies. We derive a BTFR with a slope near 3 measured over about 4 dex in baryon mass for our combined \textrm{H\,\scriptsize{I}} and bright spiral disk samples. This BTFR is significantly flatter and has less scatter than the TFR (stellar mass only) with its slope near 4 reported for other samples and studies. A BTFR slope near 3 is in better agreement with the expected slope from simple $Λ$CDM cosmological simulations that include both stellar and gas baryons. The scatter …
In order to determine what processes govern the assembly history of galaxies with rotating disks, we examine the stellar mass Tully-Fisher relation over a wide range in redshift partitioned according to whether or not galaxies contain a prominent bulge. Using our earlier Keck spectroscopic sample, for which bulge/total parameters are available from analyses of HST images, we find that bulgeless disk galaxies with z > 0.8 present a significant offset from the local Tully-Fisher relation whereas, at all redshifts probed, those with significant bulges fall along the local relation. Our results su…
We use the semi-analytic model GalICS to predict the Tully-Fisher relation in the B, I and for the first time, in the K band, and its evolution with redshift, up to z~1. We refined the determination of the disk galaxies rotation velocity, with a dynamical recipe for the rotation curve, rather than a simple conversion from the total mass to maximum velocity. The new recipe takes into account the disk shape factor, and the angular momentum transfer occurring during secular evolution leading to the formation of bulges. This produces model rotation velocities that are lower by ~20-25% for the majo…
Power-law relations between tracers of baryonic mass and rotational velocities of disk galaxies, so-called Tully-Fisher relations (TFRs), offer a wealth of applications in galaxy evolution and cosmology. However, measurements of rotational velocities require galaxy inclinations, which are difficult to measure, thus limiting the range of TFR studies. This work introduces a maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) method for recovering the TFR in galaxy samples with limited or no information on inclinations. The robustness and accuracy of this method is demonstrated using virtual and real galaxy samp…
We present a mid-infrared Tully-Fisher (TF) relation using photometry from the 3.4-micron W1 band of the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) satellite. The WISE TF relation is formed from 568 galaxies taken from the all-sky 2MASS Tully-Fisher (2MTF) galaxy catalog, spanning a range of environments including field, group, and cluster galaxies. This constitutes the largest mid-infrared TF relation constructed, to date. After applying a number of corrections to galaxy magnitudes and line widths, we measure a master TF relation given by M_corr = -22.24 - 10.05[log(W_corr) - 2.5], with an av…
The baryonic Tully-Fisher relation (BTF) is a fundamental relation between baryonic mass and maximum rotation velocity. It can be used to estimate distances, as well as to constrain the properties of dark matter and its relation with the visible matter. In this paper, we explore if extremely low-mass dwarf galaxies follow the same BTF relation as high-mass galaxies. We quantify the scatter in the BTF relation and use this to constrain the allowed elongations of dark matter halo potentials. We obtained HI synthesis data of 11 dwarf galaxies and derive several independent estimates for the maxim…
The availability of photometric imaging of several thousand galaxies with the Spitzer Space Telescope enables a mid-infrared calibration of the correlation between luminosity and rotation in spiral galaxies. The most important advantage of the new calibration in the 3.6 micron band, IRAC ch.1, is photometric consistency across the entire sky. Additional advantages are minimal obscuration, observations of flux dominated by old stars, and sensitivity to low surface brightness levels due to favorable backgrounds. Through Spitzer cycle 7 roughly 3000 galaxies had been observed and images of these …
Measurements of cosmic flows enable us to test whether cosmological models can accurately describe the evolution of the density field in the nearby Universe. In this paper, we measure the low-order kinematic moments of the cosmic flow field, namely bulk flow and shear moments, using the Cosmicflows-4 Tully-Fisher catalogue (CF4TF). To make accurate cosmological inferences with the CF4TF sample, it is important to make realistic mock catalogues. We present the mock sampling algorithm of CF4TF. These mock can accurately realize the survey geometry and luminosity selection function, enabling rese…
The Baryonic Tully-Fisher Relation (BTFR) is an empirical relation between baryonic mass and rotation velocity in disk galaxies. It provides tests of galaxy formation models in LCDM and of alternative theories like MOND. Observations of gas rich galaxies provide a measure of the slope and normalization of the BTFR that is more accurate (if less precise) than that provided by star dominated spirals, as their masses are insensitive to the details of stellar population modeling. Recent independent data for such galaxies are consistent with Mb = AVf^4 with A = 47+/-6 Msun (km/s)^-4. This is equiva…
We explore the use of the baryonic Tully-Fisher relation (bTFR) as a new distance indicator. Advances in near-IR imaging and stellar population models, plus precise rotation curves, have reduced the scatter in the bTFR such that distance is the dominant source of uncertainty. Using 50 galaxies with accurate distances from Cepheids or tip magnitude of the red giant branch, we calibrate the bTFR on a scale independent of $H_o$. We then apply this calibrated bTFR to 95 independent galaxies from the SPARC sample, using CosmicFlows-3 velocities, to deduce the local value of $H_o$. We find $H_o$ = 7…
We present aperture synthesis observations in the 21 cm line of pointings centered on the Virgo Cluster region spirals NGC 4307, NGC 4356, NGC 4411B, and NGC 4492 using the Very Large Array (VLA) radiotelescope in its CS configuration. These galaxies were identified in a previous study of the three-dimensional distribution of HI emission in the Virgo region as objects with a substantial dearth of atomic gas and Tully-Fisher (TF) distance estimates that located them well outside the main body of the cluster. We have detected two other galaxies located in two of our fields and observed bands, th…
Correlated residuals in Tully-Fisher and Fundamental Plane relations and their impact on peculiar velocity measurements
Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM（艾克斯-马赛大学，法国国家科学研究中心/法国国家核与粒子物理研究所，普罗旺斯宇宙粒子物理中心）；Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, IFAE（巴塞罗那自治大学，高能物理研究所）；Donostia International Physics Center（圣塞巴斯蒂安国际物理中心）；IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science（伊克尔巴斯基克，巴斯克科学基金会）；LadHyX UMR CNRS 7646, École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris（拉迪克斯实验室（CNRS联合研究单位7646），巴黎综合理工学院，巴黎理工学院）；Institute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, Durham University（达勒姆大学物理系计算宇宙学研究所）；Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics（哈佛-史密森尼天体物理中心）
The WALLABY pilot survey has been conducted using the Australian SKA Pathfinder (ASKAP). The integrated 21-cm HI line spectra are formed in a very different manner compared to usual single-dish spectra Tully-Fisher measurements. It is thus extremely important to ensure that slight differences (e.g. biases due to missing flux) are quantified and understood in order to maximise the use of the large amount of data becoming available soon. This article is based on four fields for which the data are scientifically interesting by themselves. The pilot data discussed here consist of 614 galaxy spectr…
Through extended integrations using the recently-installed deep depletion CCD on the red arm of the Keck I Low Resolution Imaging Spectrograph, we present new measurements of the resolved spectra of 70 morphologically-selected star-forming galaxies with i_AB<24.1 in the redshift range 1<z<1.7. Using the formalism introduced in Paper I of this series and available HST ACS images, we successfully recover rotation curves using the extended emission line distribution of [O II] 3727 A to 2.2 times the disk scale radius for a sample of 42 galaxies. Combining these measures with stellar masses derive…
This paper involves a data release of the observational campaign: Cosmicflows with Spitzer (CFS). Surface photometry of the 1270 galaxies constituting the survey is presented. An additional ~ 400 galaxies from various other Spitzer surveys are also analyzed. CFS complements the Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies, that provides photometry for an additional 2352 galaxies, by extending observations to low galactic latitudes (|b|<30 degrees). Among these galaxies are calibrators, selected in K band, of the Tully-Fisher relation. The addition of new calibrators demonstrate the robustne…
A recent work (arXiv:2104.14481) has found a statistically significant transition in the Baryonic Tully-Fisher relation (BTFR) using low redshift data ($z<0.1$), with the transitions occurring at about 9 and 17 Mpc. Motivated by this finding, we carry out a variant of this analysis by fitting the data to an augmented BTFR, where both the exponent as well as normalization constant vary as a function of distance. We find that both the exponent and normalization constant show only a marginal variation with distance, and are consistent with a constant value, to within $2σ$. We also checked to see …
If dark matter is dissipative then the distribution of dark matter within galactic halos can be governed by dissipation, heating and hydrostatic equilibrium. Previous work has shown that a specific model, in the framework of mirror dark matter, can explain several empirical galactic scaling relations. It is shown here that this dynamical halo model implies a quasi-isothermal dark matter density, $ρ(r) = ρ_0 r_0^2/(r^2 + r_0^2)$, where the core radius, $r_0$, scales with disk scale length, $r_D$, via $r_0/{\rm kpc} = 1.4\left(r_D/{\rm kpc}\right)$. Additionally, the product $ρ_0 r_0$ is roughly…
In this paper we combine high resolution N-body simulations with a semi analytical model of galaxy formation to study the effects of a possible Warm Dark Matter (WDM) component on the observable properties of galaxies. We compare three WDM models with a dark matter mass of 0.5, 0.75 and 2.0 keV, with the standard Cold Dark Matter case. For a fixed set of parameters describing the baryonic physics the WDM models predict less galaxies at low (stellar) masses, as expected due to the suppression of power on small scales, while no substantial difference is found at the high mass end. However these …
We study different incarnations of the Tully-Fisher (TF) relation for the Local Volume (LV) galaxies taken from Updated Nearby Galaxy Catalog. The UNGC sample contains 656 galaxies with $W_{50}$ HI-line-width estimates, mostly belonging to low mass dwarfs. Of them, 296 objects have distances measured with accuracy better than 10%. For the sample of 331 LV galaxies having baryonic masses $\log M_{bar} > 5.8 \log M_\odot$ we obtain a relation $\log M_{bar}= 2.49 \log W_{50} + 3.97$ with observed scatter of 0.38 dex. The largest factors affecting the scatter are observational errors in $K$-band m…
We study the gas kinematics traced by the 21-cm emission of a sample of six HI$-$rich low surface brightness galaxies classified as ultra-diffuse galaxies (UDGs). Using the 3D kinematic modelling code $\mathrm{^{3D}}$Barolo we derive robust circular velocities, revealing a startling feature: HI$-$rich UDGs are clear outliers from the baryonic Tully-Fisher relation, with circular velocities much lower than galaxies with similar baryonic mass. Notably, the baryon fraction of our UDG sample is consistent with the cosmological value: these UDGs are compatible with having no "missing baryons" withi…
This study is a part of the Cosmicflows-4 project with the aim of measuring the distances of more than ~10,000 spiral galaxies in the local universe up to ~15,000 km/s. New HI linewidth information has come primarily from the Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA Survey. Photometry of our sample galaxies has been carried out in optical (SDSS u, g, r, i, z) and infrared (WISE W1 and W2) bands. Inclinations have been determined using an online graphical interface accessible to a collaboration of citizen scientists. Galaxy distances are measured based on the correlation between the rotation rate of spirals an…
Intrinsic luminosities are related to rotation velocities of disk galaxies by Tully Fisher (TF) relations. The Baryonic TF (BTF) relation has recently been explained with Dark Matter and Newtonian Gravity as well as Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND). However, recent work has pointed out that the currently used BTF relation ignores the contribution from hot gas and oversimplifies complex galaxy-scale physics. In this Letter, we advocate the use of the Neutral Hydrogen TF (HITF) relationship, which is free from dust obscuration and stellar evolution effects, as a clean probe of gravity and dyna…
We present the final distance measurements for the 2MASS Tully-Fisher (2MTF) survey. The final 2MTF catalogue contains 2,062 nearby spiral galaxies in the CMB frame velocity range of 600 km s$^{-1}$ $< cz < 10,000$ km s$^{-1}$ with a mean velocity of 4,805 km s$^{-1}$. The main update in this release is the replacement of some archival HI data with newer ALFALFA data. Using the 2MTF template relation, we calculate the distances and peculiar velocities of all 2MTF galaxies. The mean uncertainties of the linear distance measurements are around 22\% in all three infrared bands. 2MTF measurements …
We present new measures of the evolving scaling relations between stellar mass, luminosity and rotational velocity for a morphologically-inclusive sample of 129 disk-like galaxies with z_AB<22.5 in the redshift range 0.2<z<1.3, based on spectra from DEIMOS on the Keck II telescope, multi-color HST ACS photometry, and ground-based Ks-band imaging. A unique feature of our survey is the extended spectroscopic integration times, leading to significant improvements in determining characteristic rotational velocities for each galaxy. Rotation curves are reliably traced to the radius where they begin…
High-accuracy HI profiles and linewidths are presented for inclined ($(b/a)^o < 0.5$) spiral galaxies in the southern Zone of Avoidance (ZOA). These galaxies define a sample for use in the determinations of peculiar velocities using the near-infrared Tully-Fisher (TF) relation. The sample is based on the 394 HI-selected galaxies from the Parkes HI Zone of Avoidance survey (HIZOA). Follow-up narrow-band Parkes HI observations were obtained in 2010 and 2015 for 290 galaxies, while for the further 104 galaxies, sufficiently high signal-to-noise spectra were available from the original HIZOA data.…
We study the baryonic Tully-Fisher relation (BTFR) at z=0 using 153 galaxies from the SPARC sample. We consider different definitions of the characteristic velocity from HI and H-alpha rotation curves, as well as HI line-widths from single-dish observations. We reach the following results: (1) The tightest BTFR is given by the mean velocity along the flat part of the rotation curve. The orthogonal intrinsic scatter is extremely small (6%) and the best-fit slope is 3.85+/-0.09, but systematic uncertainties may drive the slope from 3.5 to 4.0. Other velocity definitions lead to BTFRs with system…
We use an up to date compilation of Tully-Fisher data to search for transitions in the evolution of the Tully-Fisher relation. Using an up to date data compilation, we find hints at $\approx 3σ$ level for a transition at critical distances $D_c \simeq 9 Mpc$ and $D_c \simeq 17 Mpc$. We split the full sample in two subsamples according to the measured galaxy distance with respect to a splitting distance $D_c$ and identify the likelihood of the best fit slope and intercept of one sample with respect to the best fit corresponding values of the other sample. For $D_c \simeq 9 Mpc$ and $D_c \simeq …
