We use a sample of 8298 galaxies observed in the HST GOODS NICMOS Survey (GNS) to construct the galaxy stellar mass function as a function of both redshift and stellar mass up to z=3.5 and down to masses of Mstar=10^8.5 Msun at z~1. We discover that a significant fraction of all massive Mstar>10^11 Msun galaxies are in place up to the highest redshifts we probe, with a decreasing fraction of lower mass galaxies present at all redshifts. This is an example of `galaxy mass downsizing', and is the result of massive galaxies forming before lower mass ones, and not just simply ending their star formation earlier as in traditional downsizing scenarios. We find that the faint end slope is significantly steeper than what is found in previous investigations. We demonstrate that this steeper mass function better matches the stellar mass added due to star formation, thereby alleviating some of the mismatch between these two measures of the evolution of galaxy mass. We furthermore examine the stellar mass function divided into blue/red systems, as well as for star forming and non-star forming galaxies. We find a similar mass downsizing present for both blue/red and star-forming/non-star forming galaxies, and that the low mass galaxies are mostly all blue, and are therefore creating the steep mass functions. We furthermore show that, although there is a downsizing such that high mass galaxies are nearer their z=0 values at high redshift, this turns over at masses Mstar~10^10 Msun, such that the lowest mass galaxies are more common than galaxies at slight higher masses, creating a `dip' in the observed galaxy mass function. We argue that the galaxy assembly process may be driven by different mechanisms at low and high masses, and that the efficiency of the galaxy formation process is lowest at masses Mstar~10^10 Msun at 1<z<3. (Abridged)
An HST Survey for 100-1000 AU Companions around Young Stellar Objects in the Orion Molecular Clouds: Evidence for Environmentally Dependent Multiplicity
Constraints on the assembly history of the Milky Way's smooth, diffuse stellar halo from the metallicity-dependent, radially-dominated velocity anisotropy profiles probed with K giants and BHB stars using LAMOST, SDSS/SEGUE, and Gaia
Galaxy evolution across environments as probed by the ages, stellar metallicities and [alpha/Fe] of central and satellite galaxies
我们探讨了恒星形成和金属富集的历史，现今的星系已受到环境相结合的恒星星族参数估计和SDSS DR 7组环境表征。我们比较恒星年龄，恒星金属丰度和元素丰度比[α/Fe]的卫星和中央星系，作为其恒星和主机组晕质量的函数，控制当前的恒星形成率和陷落时代。我们确认，低于log（Mstar/Msun）=10.5的卫星比同等质量的中央星系更古老，更富含金属。相反，我们没有发现它们的[α/Fe]有任何差异：这主要取决于恒星质量，而不是集团等级或宿主晕质量。我们还发现，在恒星质量低于10^{10.5}Msun的卫星和中心的中位年龄和金属丰度的差异主要是由于卫星和作为晕质量的函数被动星系的比例较高。我们认为，在低质量的观察到的趋势揭示了行动的卫星特定的环境影响的“延迟，然后快速”的方式。当考虑到不同的静止分数时，与同等质量的中心星系相比，由古老的恒星星族主导的卫星在年龄、金属丰度和[α/Fe]方面出现了小的剩余过剩，这些卫星居住在质量大于10^{14} M太阳的晕中。这种年龄、金属丰度和[alpha/Fe]的过剩属于古老的infallers，即在5 Gyr之前已经吸积到当前晕上的卫星。这一结果表明，在靠近宇宙密度峰值的星系中，在恒星形成的早期阶段，环境起了作用。
The HST Large Program on Omega Centauri. I. Multiple stellar populations at the bottom of the main sequence probed in NIR-Optical
作为一个大型调查的一部分，哈勃太空望远镜研究最暗的恒星内的球状星团欧米茄半人马座，在这项工作中，我们提出了早期的结果，其主要序列（MS）的恒星的多样性，基于深光学和近红外观测。通过使用适当的色星等图，我们第一次确定了从关闭到氢燃烧极限的整个MS上的两个主要恒星星族I和II。我们将观测结果与MS星的合成光谱进行了比较，并得出结论，这两个MS与具有不同金属丰度、氦和轻元素丰度的恒星星族是一致的。具体来说，MS-1对应于贫金属恒星星族（[Fe/H]~-1.7），Y~ 0.25，[O/Fe]~0.30。MS-II的主恒星是富氦（Y~0.37-0.40）恒星，金属丰度范围为[Fe/H]~-1.7至-1.4。在MS拐点（mF 160 W ~19.5）以下，我们的测光结果显示，两个主要MS中的每一个都有不同氧丰度的恒星亚群，MS-II中有非常贫氧的恒星（[O/Fe]~-0.5）。这种复杂性在以前对球状星团中M矮星的研究中从未观察到。在詹姆斯·韦伯太空望远镜的午餐前几个月，这些结果证明了光学和近红外测光在研究球状星团中多个恒星星族中的作用。
