热与非热射电星系
Thermal and Nonthermal Radio Galaxies
摘要：
射电星系在1950年代被发现并绘制成地图。光谱显示很少或没有核连续光。有些还显示出强大的高电离发射线，而另一些则显示出最弱的低电离发射线。类星体在1960年代被发现，它们的光谱主要是由强大的连续辐射，随后被确认为来自大量吸积流的光学厚热辐射，以及高电离窄发射线和强大的宽允许线。到了20世纪80年代，光学偏振的数据和射电性质的统计数据要求许多射电星系包含隐藏的类星体核，隐藏在尘埃中，大致环形的气体分布。具有隐藏类星体的射电星系被称为“热星系”。“所有的射电星系都有强大的隐藏类星体吗？我们现在知道答案，使用基于无线电，红外线，光学和X射线特性的参数。在射电光度函数的顶部附近，对于FRII、GPS和CSS星系，答案是肯定的。在无线电光度函数的顶部以下，许多没有。在低射电光度下，大多数都不会。相反，这些“非热”的弱吸积星系是同步加速器喷流形式的强大动能发射器。它们通常具有弱的低电离线。这适用于所有类型的射电星系，大FR II双打，以及小年轻的千兆赫兹峰谱和紧凑陡谱源。只有少数FR I源是热型的。
英文摘要：
Radio galaxies were discovered and mapped in the 1950s. The optical spectra showed little or no nuclear continuum light. Some also revealed powerful high ionization emission lines, while others showed at most weak low-ionization emission lines. Quasars were found in the 1960s, and their spectra were dominated by powerful continuum radiation which was subsequently identified with optically thick thermal radiation from copious accretion flows, as well as high ionization narrow emission lines, and powerful broad permitted lines. By the 1980s, data from optical polarization and statistics of the radio properties required that many radio galaxies contain hidden quasar nuclei, hidden from the line of sight by dusty, roughly toroidal gas distributions. The radio galaxies with hidden quasars are referred to as "thermal." Do all radio galaxies have powerful hidden quasars? We now know the answer using arguments based on radio, infrared, optical and X-ray properties. Near the top of the radio luminosity function, for FRII, GPS, and CSS galaxies, the answer is yes. Below the top of the radio luminosity function, many do not. At low radio luminosities, most do not. Instead these "nonthermal" weakly-accreting galaxies are powerful emitters of kinetic energy in the form of synchrotron jets. They generally have weak low-ionization lines. This applies to all types of radio galaxy, big FR II doubles, as well as the small young GigaHertz-Peaked-Spectrum and Compact Steep Spectrum sources. Only a few FR I sources are of the thermal type.
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