密堆积四面体的无序相、准晶相和晶相
Disordered, Quasicrystalline and Crystalline Phases of Densely Packed Tetrahedra
摘要：
Ulam将所有坚硬的凸形都定义为比球形更致密的堆积，球形的最大堆积分数为π = π/ \sqrt 18 ~ 0.7405。对于许多形状，简单的晶格填充很容易超过这个填充分数。对于正四面体，这个猜想直到最近才被证明是正确的;通过几何构造获得了有序排列，其中，π = 0.7786，随后在数值上压缩到π = 0.7820。在这里，我们展示了四面体的包装比这好得多，而且是以一种完全出乎意料的方式。遵循概念上不同的方法，使用热力学计算机模拟，使系统自然地向高密度态发展，我们观察到，硬四面体的流体经历了一阶相变的十二方准晶，它可以被压缩到一个包装分数为0.8324。通过压缩准晶体的晶体近似物，我们得到的最高填充分数是ε = 0.8503。如果准晶的形成被抑制，系统将保持无序，堵塞，并压缩到ε = 0.7858。堵塞和结晶之前都是由熵驱动的过渡，从一个简单的流体的独立四面体到复杂的流体，其特征在于四面体排列在密集的局部图案，形成一个在过渡的结晶网络。我们报告的准晶代表了第一个例子的准晶形成的硬或非球形颗粒。我们的研究结果表明，粒子形状和熵可以产生高度复杂的，有序的结构。
英文摘要：
All hard, convex shapes are conjectured by Ulam to pack more densely than spheres, which have a maximum packing fraction of ϕ = π/\sqrt18 ~ 0.7405. For many shapes, simple lattice packings easily surpass this packing fraction. For regular tetrahedra, this conjecture was shown to be true only very recently; an ordered arrangement was obtained via geometric construction with ϕ = 0.7786, which was subsequently compressed numerically to ϕ = 0.7820. Here we show that tetrahedra pack much better than this, and in a completely unexpected way. Following a conceptually different approach, using thermodynamic computer simulations that allow the system to evolve naturally towards high-density states, we observe that a fluid of hard tetrahedra undergoes a first-order phase transition to a dodecagonal quasicrystal, which can be compressed to a packing fraction of ϕ = 0.8324. By compressing a crystalline approximant of the quasicrystal, the highest packing fraction we obtain is ϕ = 0.8503. If quasicrystal formation is suppressed, the system remains disordered, jams, and compresses to ϕ = 0.7858. Jamming and crystallization are both preceded by an entropy-driven transition from a simple fluid of independent tetrahedra to a complex fluid characterized by tetrahedra arranged in densely packed local motifs that form a percolating network at the transition. The quasicrystal that we report represents the first example of a quasicrystal formed from hard or non-spherical particles. Our results demonstrate that particle shape and entropy can produce highly complex, ordered structures.
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