我们提出了一个高分辨率的研究，一个巨大的致密核心JCMT 18354- 0649 S的亚毫米阵列。该核心在1.3 mm处用连续发射和包括CH $_{3}$ OH（$5_{23}$ - $4_{13}$）和HCN（3-2）的分子谱线绘制。在紧凑的配置中检测到的粉芯的质量为$47 M_{\odot}$和直径为$2\arcsec$（0.06 pc），这是进一步分解成三个凝聚的总质量为$42 M_{\odot}$在更高的空间分辨率。HCN（3-2）谱线的不对称分布与下落特征一致。估计入组率为$2.0\times10^{-3} M_{\odot}\cdot$ yr $^{-1}$。高速HCN（3-2）线机翼呈现出三瓣流出。它们的总质量为$12 M_{\odot}$，总动量为$121 M_{\odot}\cdot$ km s $^{-1}$。分析表明，含氮分子尤其是HCN既能示踪入流又能示踪出流。
英文摘要：
We present a high-resolution study of a massive dense core JCMT 18354-0649S with the Submillimeter Array. The core is mapped with continuum emission at 1.3 mm, and molecular lines including CH$_{3}$OH ($5_{23}$-$4_{13}$) and HCN (3-2). The dust core detected in the compact configuration has a mass of $47 M_{\odot}$ and a diameter of $2\arcsec$ (0.06 pc), which is further resolved into three condensations with a total mass of $42 M_{\odot}$ under higher spatial resolution. The HCN (3-2) line exhibits asymmetric profile consistent with infall signature. The infall rate is estimated to be $2.0\times10^{-3} M_{\odot}\cdot$yr$^{-1}$. The high velocity HCN (3-2) line wings present an outflow with three lobes. Their total mass is $12 M_{\odot}$ and total momentum is $121 M_{\odot}\cdot$km s$^{-1}$, respectively. Analysis shows that the N-bearing molecules especially HCN can trace both inflow and outflow.
Infall and outflow motions in the high-mass star forming complex G9.62+0.19
我们提出了一个高分辨率的研究结果与亚毫米阵列对大质量的恒星形成复杂的G9.62+0.19。在该区域检测到三个亚毫米核心。北部、中部和南部尘心的质量分别为13、30和165 M $_{\sun}$。在中部核心（G9.62+0.19 E）发现了HCN（4-3）和CS（7-6）线的入流运动。吸入率为$4.3\times10^{-3}~M_{\odot}\cdot$/年$^{-1}$。在南部核心，SO（$8_{7}-7_{7}$）线翼发射显示出总质量约为26 M $_{\sun}$，质量损失率为$3.6\times10^{-5}~M_{\odot}\cdot$ yr $^{-1}$的双极外流。CS（7-6）和HCN（4-3）谱线比SO（$8_{7}-7_{7}$）谱线追踪更高速度的气体。G9.62+0.19 F被证实是外流的驱动源。我们还分析了沿红移流出叶的CS，SO和HCN的丰度。出流波瓣的质量-速度图可以很好地用一个单一的幂律拟合。分析了该区cm/mm岩心的演化序列。结果支持UC~H{ \sc ii}区域比其前体具有更高的蓝色过量。
We compare the directions of molecular outflows of 62 low-mass Class 0 and I protostars in nearby (<450 pc) star-forming regions with the mean orientations of the magnetic fields on 0.05-0.5 pc scales in the dense cores/clumps where they are embedded. The magnetic field orientations were measured using the JCMT POL-2 data taken by the BISTRO-1 survey and from the archive. The outflow directions were observed with interferometers in the literature. The observed distribution of the angles between the outflows and the magnetic fields peaks between 15 and 35 degrees. After considering projection e…
A total of 188 high-mass outflows have been identified from a sample of 694 clumps from the Millimetre Astronomy Legacy Team 90 GHz survey, representing a detection rate of approximately 27%. The detection rate of outflows increases from the protostellar stage to the H II stage, but decreases again at the photodissociation (PDR) stage suggesting that outflows are being switched off during the PDR stage. An intimate relationship is found between outflow action and the presence of masers, and water masers appear together with 6.7 GHz methanol masers. Comparing the infall detection rate of clumps…
We present the results of an outflow and infall survey towards a distance limited sample of 31 massive star forming regions drawn from the RMS survey. The presence of young, active outflows is identified from SiO (8-7) emission and the infall dynamics are explored using HCO$^+$/H$^{13}$CO$^+$ (4-3) emission. We investigate if the infall and outflow parameters vary with source properties, exploring whether regions hosting potentially young active outflows show similarities or differences with regions harbouring more evolved, possibly momentum driven, "fossil" outflows. SiO emission is detected …
Understanding how material accretes onto the rotationally supported disk from the surrounding envelope of gas and dust in the youngest protostellar systems is important for describing how disks are formed. Magnetohydrodynamic simulations of magnetized, turbulent disk formation usually show spiral-like streams of material (accretion flows) connecting the envelope to the disk. However, accretion flows in these early stages of protostellar formation still remain poorly characterized due to their low intensity and possibly some extended structures are disregarded as being part of the outflow cavit…
We report results of observations of the GGD12-15 region, where cluster formation is actively taking place, using various molecular emission lines. The C18O (J= 1-0) emission line reveals a massive clump in the region with a mass of ~2800 Mo distributed over ~2 pc. The distribution of the C18O(J= 3-2) emission is similar to that of a star cluster forming therein, with an elliptical shape of ~1 pc in size. A bipolar molecular outflow driven by IRS 9Mc, a constituent star of the cluster, is blowing in a direction perpendicular to the elongated C18O (J= 3-2) distribution, covering the entire clum…
The study of infall motion helps us to understand the initial stages of star formation. In this paper, we use the IRAM 30-m telescope to make mapping observations of 24 infall sources confirmed in previous work. The lines we use to track gas infall motions are HCO+ (1-0) and H13CO+ (1-0). All 24 sources show HCO+ emissions, while 18 sources show H13CO+ emissions. The HCO+ integrated intensity maps of 17 sources show clear clumpy structures; for the H13CO+ line, 15 sources show clumpy structures. We estimated the column density of HCO+ and H13CO+ using the RADEX radiation transfer code, and the…
Twisted Pseudodisk and Asymmetric Mass Accretion on the Circumstellar Disk II: Parameter Survey
Kyushu University（九州大学）；University of Western Ontario（韦仕敦大学）；Kanagawa University（神奈川大学）；University of Tokyo（东京大学）；Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto（多伦多大学加拿大理论天体物理研究所）
We report ALMA observations of NGC 1333 IRAS 4A, a young low-mass protostellar binary, referred as 4A1 and 4A2. With multiple H$_2$CO transitions and HNC (4$-$3) observed at a resolution of 0.25" ($\sim$70 au), we investigate the gas kinematics of 4A1 and 4A2. Our results show that, on the large angular scale ($\sim$10"), 4A1 and 4A2 each display a well-collimated outflow along the N-S direction, and an S-shaped morphology is discerned in the outflow powered by 4A2. On the small scale ($\sim$0.3"), 4A1 and 4A2 exhibit distinct spectral features toward the continuum centroid, with 4A1 showing s…
The massive young stellar object S255IR NIRS3 embedded in the star forming core SMA1 has been recently observed with a luminosity burst, which is conjectured as a disc-mediated variable accretion event. In this context, it is imperative to characterize the gas properties around the massive young stellar object. With this in mind, we carried out high angular resolution observations with the Atacama Large Millimeter and submillimeter Array and imaged the 900 $μm$ dust continuum and the CH$_3$CN $J$=19$-$18 $K$=0$-$10 transitions of S255IR SMA1. The integrated CH$_3$CN emission exhibits an elonga…
The bipolar outflow associated with the Class 0 low-mass protostellar source (IRAS 18148-0440) in L483 has been studied in the CCH and CS line emission at 245 and 262 GHz, respectively. Sub-arcsecond resolution observations of these lines have been conducted with ALMA. Structures and kinematics of the outflow cavity wall are investigated in the CS line, and are analyzed by using a parabolic model of an outflow. We constrain the inclination angle of the outflow to be from 75 degree to 90 degree, i.e. the outflow is blowing almost perpendicular to the line of sight. Comparing the outflow paramet…
Studying Class 0 objects is very important, as it allows to characterize dynamical processes at the onset of the star formation process, and to determine the physical mechanisms responsible for the outcome of the collapse. Observations of dense gas tracers allow the characterization of key kinematics of the gas directly involved in the star-formation process, such as infall, outflow or rotation. This work aims at investigating the molecular line velocity profiles of the Class 0 protostellar object B335 and attempts to put constraints on the infall motions happening in the circumstellar gas of …
We investigate the kinematics of high mass protostellar objects within the high mass star forming region IRAS 19410+2336. We performed high angular resolution observations of 6.7-GHz methanol and 22 GHz water masers using the MERLIN (Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network) and e-MERLIN interferometers. The 6.7-GHz methanol maser emission line was detected within the $\sim$ 16--27 km s$^{-1}$ velocity range with a peak flux density $\sim$50 Jy. The maser spots are spread over $\sim$1.3 arcsec on the sky, corresponding to $\sim$2800 au at a distance of 2.16 kpc. These are the first as…
We present the first simulations of the formation and feedback of massive stars which account for radiation forces as well as photoionization feedback (along with protostellar outflows). In two different accretion scenarios modeled, we determine the relative strength of these feedback components and derive the size of the reservoir from which the forming stars gained their masses. We find that protostellar outflows alone limit the stellar mass growth only in an accretion scenario with a finite mass reservoir; when including accretion and ram pressure from large scales (> 0.1 pc), protostellar …
The collapse of the protostellar envelope results in the growth of the protostar and the development of a protoplanetary disk, playing a critical role during the early stages of star formation. Characterizing the gas infall in the envelope constrains the dynamical models of star formation. We present unambiguous signatures of infall, probed by optically thick molecular lines, toward an isolated embedded protostar, BHR 71 IRS1. The three dimensional radiative transfer calculations indicate that a slowly rotating infalling envelope model following the "inside-out" collapse reproduces the observa…
APEX-CHAMP+ high-J CO observations of low-mass young stellar objects: III. NGC 1333 IRAS 4A/4B envelope, outflow and UV heating
NGC 1333 IRAS 4A和IRAS 4 B源是研究得最好的第0阶段低质量原恒星之一，它们驱动着显著的双极外流。到目前为止，大多数研究都集中在这些地区的较冷部分（T<30 K）。目的是确定原恒星包层较温暖部分的特征，以便量化原恒星在冲击、紫外线加热、光解离和外流扩散方面对其周围环境的反馈。获得了该区域的完全采样的大比例尺地图; APEX-CHAMP+用于12 CO 6-5、13 CO 6-5和[CI] 2-1，JCMT-HARP-B用于12 CO 3-2排放。在源位置收集CO及其同位素的互补Herschel-HIFI和地面线，从1-0到1 - 0 -9（Eu/k 300 K）。尘埃和谱线的辐射传输模型用于确定流出和紫外加热气体的温度和质量，并推断CO丰度结构。宽CO发射线轮廓跟踪夹带冲击气体沿流出壁，典型的温度为~ 100 K。在外流和原恒星周围的其他位置，6-5线轮廓很窄，表明紫外线激发。窄的13 CO 6-5数据首次直接揭示了紫外加热的气体分布。从12 CO和13 CO 6-5图中发现UV加热和流出气体的量是相当的，这意味着UV光子可以影响气体的流出。整个区域的弱[CI]发射表明缺乏CO解离光子。C18 O线的建模表明，在整个信封中的CO冻结出来，并重新加载到气相中的“滴”丰度分布的必要性，从而提供定量的证据CO冰蒸发区周围的原恒星。内部丰度小于CO/H_2= 2.7 ×…
The evolution of protostellar outflows is investigated under different mass accretion rates in the range $\sim10^{-5}-10^{-2} {\rm M}_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$ with three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations. A powerful outflow always appears in strongly magnetized clouds with $B_0 \gtrsim B_{\rm 0, cr}$ $=10^{-4} (M_{\rm cl}/100 {\rm M}_\odot){\rm G}$, where $M_{\rm cl}$ is the cloud mass. When a cloud has a weaker magnetic field, the outflow does not evolve promptly with a high mass accretion rate. In some cases with moderate magnetic fields $B_0$ slightly smaller than $B_{\rm 0,cr}$, the outf…
