We derive an upper bound on the difference between the long-time average and the microcanonical ensemble average of observables in isolated quantum systems. We propose, numerically verify, and analytically support a new hypothesis, eigenstate randomization hypothesis (ERH), which implies that in the energy eigenbasis the diagonal elements of observables fluctuate randomly. We show that ERH includes eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) and makes the aforementioned bound vanishingly small. Moreover, ERH is applicable to integrable systems for which ETH breaks down. We argue that the range of the validity of ERH determines that of the microcanonical description.
Generic ETH: Eigenstate Thermalization beyond the Microcanonical
The University of Texas at Austin(德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校);Pennsylvania State University(宾夕法尼亚州立大学);Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University(冲绳科学技术大学院大学);Syracuse University(雪城大学);Sarah Lawrence College(莎拉劳伦斯学院)
Energy-filtered random-phase states as microcanonical thermal pure quantum states
提出了一种通过引入一个纯量子态--能量过滤随机相位态来计算微正则系综量子多体系统有限温度性质的方法,这也是近期量子计算机的一个潜在应用.在我们的形式主义中,微正则系综由两个参数指定,即,系统的能量及其相关的能量窗口。因此,态密度被表示为以目标能量为中心的高斯和,其扩展对应于能量窗口的宽度。然后,我们表明,热力学量,如熵和温度的计算通过评估的时间演化算子的跟踪和跟踪的时间演化算子乘以系统的哈密顿量。我们还描述了如何使用适合量子计算的随机对角酉电路来评估这些迹线。代表我们的微正则系综的纯量子态与Wall和Neuhauser为滤波器对角化方法[M. R. Wall和D. Neuhauser,J.Chem.Phys.102,8011(1995)],因此我们将其称为能量过滤的随机相位状态。能量过滤的随机相位状态本质上是时间演化状态的傅里叶变换,其初始状态被准备为随机相位状态,并且傅里叶变换的时间积分中的截止时间设置能量窗口的宽度的倒数。所提出的方法是通过计算的热力学量的一维自旋1/2海森堡模型的小集群高达28量子比特的数值,表明该方法是最有效的目标能量周围的密集分布的能量本征态。
Macroscopic thermalization by unitary time evolution in the weakly perturbed two-dimensional Ising model --- An application of the Roos-Sugimoto-Teufel-Tumulka-Vogel theory
Department of Physics, Gakushuin University(学习院大学物理系)