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arXiv 1012.2634astro-ph.CO
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ACS天炉座星团巡天。X.早型星系中球状星团系统的色因子

The ACS Fornax Cluster Survey. X. Color Gradients of Globular Cluster Systems in Early-Type Galaxies

Chengze Liu, Eric W. Peng, Andres Jordan, Laura Ferrarese, John P. Blakeslee, Patrick Cote, Simona Mei

摘要:

我们利用ACSVCS和ACSFCS中最大的均匀球状星团(GC)样本,研究了76个早型星系GC系统的颜色梯度。我们发现,大多数GC体系的g-z色都有明显的负梯度(向外蓝)。对于显示颜色双峰的GC系统,富金属和贫金属GC亚群平均呈现较浅但显著的颜色梯度,并且这两个亚群的平均梯度具有大致相等的强度。ACS的视场限制了我们对气相色谱系统内梯度的测量。然而,当从相对窄的中心点测量GC亚群的平均颜色时,这些梯度可以引入孔径偏差。推断更正以前的工作意味着减少的意义之间的关系的平均颜色的金属贫GC和他们的宿主星系光度。GC颜色梯度也显示出与宿主星系质量的相关性,在质量谱的两端-在大质量星系和矮星系中梯度最弱,在中等质量星系中最强,在恒星质量为M_stellar~10^10M_sun附近。我们还测量了宿主星系中场星的颜色梯度。我们发现,GC颜色梯度系统比场星的颜色梯度更陡,但两者的梯度-质量关系的形状是相同的。如果梯度是由快速耗散坍缩引起的,并因合并而减弱,这些颜色梯度支持这样一种图像,即大多数中等质量和大质量星系的内部GC系统形成得很早,而且很快,大多数大质量星系经历了更大的合并。缺乏强梯度的GC系统的矮星,这可能没有经历过许多最近的重大合并,表明低质量的晕是低效的保留和混合金属在GC形成的时代。

英文摘要:

We use the largest homogeneous sample of globular clusters (GCs), drawn from the ACSVCS and ACSFCS, to investigate the color gradients of GC systems in 76 early-type galaxies. We find that most GC systems possess an obvious negative gradient in g-z color (bluer outwards). For GC systems displaying color bimodality, both metal-rich and metal-poor GC subpopulations present shallower but significant color gradients on average, and the mean gradients of these two subpopulations are of roughly equal strength. The FOV of ACS mainly restricts us to measuring the inner gradients of GC systems. These gradients, however, can introduce an aperture bias when measuring the mean colors of GC subpopulations from relatively narrow central pointings. Inferred corrections to previous work imply a reduced significance for the relation between the mean color of metal-poor GCs and their host galaxy luminosity. The GC color gradients also show a dependence with host galaxy mass where the gradiens are weakest at the ends of the mass spectrum--in massive galaxies and dwarf galaxies--and strongest in galaxies of intermediate mass, around a stellar mass of M_stellar~10^10M_sun. We also measure color gradients for field stars in the host galaxies. We find that GC color gradients are systematically steeper than field star color gradients, but the shape of the gradient-mass relation is the same for both. If gradients are caused by rapid dissipational collapse and weakened by merging, these color gradients support a picture where the inner GC systems of most intermediate-mass and massive galaxies formed early and rapidly with the most massive galaxies having experienced greater merging. The lack of strong gradients in the GC systems of dwarfs, which probably have not experienced many recent major mergers, suggests that low mass halos were inefficient at retaining and mixing metals during the epoch of GC formation.

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