Collision of the magnetic flux tubes in the Quiet Sun was proposed as one of the possible sources for the heating of the solar atmosphere (Furusawa and Sakai, 2000). The solar photosphere was observed using the New Solar Telescope ad Big Bear Solar Observatory. In TiO spectral line at 705.68 nm we approached resolution of 0.1". The horizontal plasma wave was observed spreading from the larger bright point. Shorty after this wave an increase in the oscillatory power appeared at the same location as the observed bright point. This behavior matches some of the results from the simulation of the collision of the two flux tubes with a weak current.
The solar photosphere is filled by a magnetic field which is tangled on scales much smaller than the resolution capability of solar telescopes. This hidden magnetic field can be investigated via the Hanle effect. In 2007 we started a synoptic program to explore if the magnetic flux of the quiet photosphere varies with the solar cycle. For this purpose we applied a differential Hanle effect technique based on observations of scattering polarization in C$_2$ molecular lines around 514.0 nm, taken generally every month. Our results now span almost one complete solar cycle.
We describe a new quiet-Sun phenomenon which we call "Quiet-Sun Ellerman-like Brightenings" (QSEB). QSEBs are similar to Ellerman bombs (EB) in some respects but differ significantly in others. EBs are transient brightenings of the wings of the Balmer H-alpha line that mark strong-field photospheric reconnection in complex active regions. QSEBs are similar but smaller and less intense Balmer-wing brightenings that occur in quiet areas away from active regions. In the H-alpha wing we measure typical lengths of less than 0.5 arcsec, widths of 0.21 arcsec, and lifetimes of less than a minute. We …
The observed magnetic field on the solar surface is characterized by a very complex spatial and temporal behaviour. Although feature-tracking algorithms have allowed us to deepen our understanding of this behaviour, subjectivity plays an important role in the identification, tracking of such features. In this paper we study the temporal stochasticity of the magnetic field on the solar surface \textit{without} relying neither on the concept of magnetic feature nor on subjective assumptions about their identification and interaction. The analysis is applied to observations of the magnetic field …
We present detailed characteristics of linear polarization features (LPFs) in the quiet-Sun photosphere from high resolution observations obtained with Sunrise/IMaX. We explore differently treated data with various noise levels in linear polarization signals, from which structure and dynamics of the LPFs are studied. Physical properties of the detected LPFs are also obtained from the results of Stokes inversions. The number of LPFs, as well as their sizes and polarization signals, are found to be strongly dependent on the noise level, and on the spatial resolution. While the linear polarizatio…
In the solar atmosphere, Alfvén waves are believed to play an important role in the transfer of energy from the photosphere to the corona and solar wind, and in the heating of the chromosphere. We perform numerical computations to investigate energy transport and dissipation associated with torsional Alfvén waves propagating in magnetic flux tubes that expand from the photosphere to the corona in quiet-Sun conditions. We place a broadband driver at the photosphere that injects a wave energy flux of $10^7$ erg cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ and consider Ohm's magnetic diffusion and ion-neutral collisions a…
We investigate the morphology and temporal variability of a quiet Sun network region in different solar layers. The emission in several EUV spectral lines through both raster and slot time series, recorded by EIS/Hinode is studied along with H$α$ observations and high resolution spectropolarimetric observations of the photospheric magnetic field. The photospheric magnetic field is extrapolated up to the corona showing a multitude of large and small scale structures. We show for the first time that the smallest magnetic structures both at the network and the internetwork contribute significantl…
Determining the Magnetization of the Quiet Sun Photosphere from the Hanle Effect and Surface Dynamo Simulations
安静的太阳光球的大部分被认为是显著磁化的，这是由于在亚分辨率尺度上普遍存在平均强度约<B>为100 G的缠结磁场。这一结论是通过详细的三维（3D）辐射转移模型的Hanle效应在Sr I 4607线，使用微湍流场近似，并假设的概率密度函数的磁场强度的形状是指数。在这里，我们放松这两个近似建模所观察到的散射极化的Hanle效应产生的磁场的三维光球模型产生的（国家的最先进的）磁对流模拟与表面发电机行动。我们发现，在Sr I 4607线中观察到的散射偏振振幅可以解释，只有在增强光球模型的磁场强度后，由一个相当大的比例因子，F=10，这意味着<B>= 130 G在上层光球。我们还认为，为了解释两个Hanle去极化的Sr I 4607线和塞曼信号中观察到的Fe I线，我们需要引入一个高度相关的比例因子，这样，随后<B>= 160 G在低光球和<B>= 130 G在上层光球。
We report on our three-dimensional (3D) magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of cylindrical weakly twisted flux tubes emerging from 18 Mm below the photosphere. We perform a parametric study, by varying the initial magnetic field strength ($B_0$), radius ($R$), twist ($α)$ and length of the emerging part of the flux tube ($λ$) to investigate how these parameters affect the transfer of the magnetic field from the convection zone to the photosphere. We show that the efficiency of emergence at the photosphere (i.e. how strong the photospheric field will be in comparison to $B_0$) depends not onl…
Rapid magnetic upflows in the quiet-Sun photosphere were recently uncovered from both SUNRISE/IMaX and Hinode/SOT observations. Here, we study magnetic upflow events (MUEs) from high-quality, high- (spatial, temporal, and spectral) resolution, and full Stokes observations in four photospheric magnetically sensitive Fe I lines centered at 525.021, 617.334, 630.151, and 630.250 nm acquired with the Swedish Solar Telescope (SST)/CRISP. We detect MUEs by subtracting in-line Stokes V signals from those in far blue wing whose signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) >= 7. We find a larger number of MUEs at any g…
With the advent of next generation high resolution telescopes, our understanding of how the magnetic field is organized in the internetwork (IN) photosphere is likely to advance.We aim to evaluate the extent to which we can retrieve information about the magnetic vector in the IN photosphere using inversions. We use snapshots produced from high resolution 3D magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations and employ the Stokes Inversions based on Response functions (SIR) code to produce synthetic observables in the near infrared spectral window observed by the GREGOR Infrared Spectrograph (GRIS), which …
We analysed line-of-sight magnetic fields and magnetic power spectra of an undisturbed photosphere using magnetograms acquired by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) on-board the Solar Dynamic Observatory (SDO) and the Near InfraRed Imaging Spectrapolarimeter (NIRIS) operating at the Goode Solar Telescope (GST) of the Big Bear Solar Observatory. In the NIRIS data revealed the presence of thin flux tubes of 200-400~km in diameter and of field strength of 1000-2000~G. The HMI power spectra determined for a coronal hole, a quiet sun and a plage areas exhibit the same spectral index of -1 o…
The presence of magnetic field is crucial in the transport of energy through the solar atmosphere. Recent ground-based and space-borne observations of the quiet Sun have revealed that magnetic field accumulates at photospheric heights, via a local dynamo or from small-scale flux emergence events. However, most of this small-scale magnetic field may not expand into the chromosphere due to the entropy drop with height at the photosphere. Here we present a study that uses a high resolution 3D radiative MHD simulation of the solar atmosphere with non-grey and non-LTE radiative transfer and thermal…
The electromagnetic energy flux in the lower atmosphere of the Sun is a key tool to describe the energy balance of the solar atmosphere. Current investigations on energy flux in the solar atmosphere focus primarily on the vertical electromagnetic flux through the photosphere, ignoring the Poynting flux in other directions and its possible contributions to local heating. Based on a realistic Bifrost simulation of a quiet-Sun (coronal hole) atmosphere, we find that the total electromagnetic energy flux in the photosphere occurs mainly parallel to the photosphere, concentrating in small regions a…
We report on the dynamical interaction of quiet-Sun magnetic fields and granular convection in the solar photosphere as seen by \textsc{Sunrise}. We use high spatial resolution (0\farcs 15--0\farcs 18) and temporal cadence (33 s) spectropolarimetric Imaging Magnetograph eXperiment data, together with simultaneous CN and Ca\,\textsc{ii}\,H filtergrams from \textsc{Sunrise} Filter Imager. We apply the SIR inversion code to the polarimetric data in order to infer the line of sight velocity and vector magnetic field in the photosphere. The analysis reveals bundles of individual flux tubes evolving…
Recent Advances in the Exploration of the Small-Scale Structure of the Quiet Solar Atmosphere: Vortex Flows, the Horizontal Magnetic Field, and the Stokes-V Line-Ratio Method
我们回顾了（i）太阳大气中涡旋流的观测和数值模拟以及（ii）平静太阳区域水平磁场的测量。首先，我们讨论了各种表现形式的旋涡流，并强调调解漩涡运动的磁场的太阳表面附近的光球层和色球层的高层的作用。我们重新审视现有的太阳表面磁对流的模拟运行方面的旋涡流，并比较以前获得的结果。其次，我们回顾了与测量太阳宁静区磁场角分布相关的矛盾结果和问题。此外，我们回顾了斯托克斯-V-振幅比方法的线Fe I 630.15和630.25 nm。我们得出的结论是，最近发现的两个不同的人口在散点图中的这个比例不能被解释为“未塌陷”和“塌陷”的领域，但它们源于弱颗粒磁场和弱冠层场位于颗粒之间的边界和粒间空间。基于新的模拟运行，我们重申了先前的研究结果的水平场分量的优势超过垂直的，特别是在上层光球和色球层的底部。
The motion of faint propagating disturbances (PD) in the solar corona reveals an intricate structure which must be defined by the magnetic field. Applied to quiet Sun observations by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA)/Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), a novel method reveals a cellular network, with cells of typical diameters 50\arcsec\ in the cool 304Å channel, and 100\arcsec\ in the coronal 193Å channel. The 193Å cells can overlie several 304Å cells, although both channels share common source and sink regions. The sources are points, or narrow corridors, of divergence that occupy the cent…
Turbulent Diffusion in the Photosphere as Derived from Photospheric Bright Point Motion
根据大熊座太阳天文台新太阳望远镜（NST）对太阳颗粒的观测，探讨了太阳宁静区、冕洞和活动区斑中亮点的自行。我们自动检测和跟踪亮点（BP），并推导出它们的均方位移作为时间的函数（从每个BP的出现开始）为所有可用的时间间隔。在所有三种磁场环境中，我们都发现了超扩散机制的存在，这在10-300秒的时间间隔内最为明显。通过光谱指数$γ$（均方位移光谱的斜率）测量的超扩散从谱斑区（$γ=1.48$）到宁静太阳区（$γ=1.53$）再到冕洞（$γ=1.67$）增加。我们还发现，湍流扩散系数的变化与时间和空间尺度成正比。对于最小空间尺度（22 km）和最小时间尺度（10 sec），冕洞和宁静太阳区的$^{2}$ s $^{-1}$分别为22和19 km，而对于斑区，对于最小时间尺度15 sec，$^{2}$ s $^{-1}$约为12 km。我们应用我们的BP跟踪代码的三维MHD模型数据的太阳对流（Stein等。2007），并发现超扩散与$γ=1.45$。得到了湍流扩散系数随尺度和$γ$变化的表达式。
Recent ground- and space-based observations reveal the presence of small-scale motions between convection cells in the solar photosphere. In these regions small-scale magnetic flux tubes are generated due to the interaction of granulation motion and background magnetic field. This paper studies the effects of these motions, on magnetohydrodynamic wave excitation from broadband photospheric drivers. Numerical experiments of linear magnetohydrodynamic wave propagation in a magnetic flux tube embedded in a realistic gravitationally stratified solar atmosphere between the photosphere and the low c…
Emergence of small-scale magnetic loops through the quiet solar atmosphere
我们在极小的空间尺度上研究了宁静太阳中磁通量的出现，着重于光球层和色球层之间的磁联系。观测数据包括分光偏振测量和用Hinode卫星和荷兰开放望远镜拍摄的滤光图。我们发现，一个显着的比例存在于互联网络区域的磁通量出现在Ω形回路的形式。出现率为每小时0.02圈/角秒^{-2}，这将为太阳表面带来1.1 x 10^12 Mx s^{-1}角秒^{-2}的新通量。最初，观察到的环是颗粒细胞上方的小块线性极化。不久之后，两个相反极性的足迹在颗粒内部或边缘的圆偏振中变得可见，并开始向相邻的粒间空间移动。足点的方向似乎不遵守黑尔的极性规则。环不断地受到对流运动的冲击，但它们总是保持高度的连贯性。有趣的是，光球层中出现的环有23%到达色球层（69个中有16个）。它们首先在Fe I 630 nm磁图中被检测到，5分钟后在Mg I b 517.3 nm磁图中被检测到。大约8分钟后，其中一些也在Ca II H线核心图像中观察到，其中足点产生小的亮度增强。
We use observations of quiet Sun (QS) regions in the H$α$ 6563 Å, Ca~{\sc ii} 8542 Å\, and Fe~{\sc i} 6302 Å lines. We observe brightenings in the wings of the H$α$ and Ca~{\sc ii} combined with observations of the interacting magnetic concentrations observed in the Stokes signals of Fe~{\sc i}. These brightenings are similar to Ellerman bombs (EBs), i.e. impulsive bursts in the wings of the Balmer lines which leave the line cores unaffected. Such enhancements suggest that these events have similar formation mechanisms to the classical EBs found in active regions, with the reduced intensity en…
Strong solar flares occur in $δ$-spots characterized by the opposite-polarity magnetic fluxes in a single penumbra. Sunspot formation via flux emergence from the convection zone to the photosphere can be strongly affected by convective turbulent flows. It has not yet been shown how crucial convective flows are for the formation of $δ$-spots. The aim of this study is to reveal the impact of convective flows in the convection zone on the formation and evolution of sunspot magnetic fields. We simulated the emergence and transport of magnetic flux tubes in the convection zone using radiative magne…
The heating of the solar chromosphere remains one of the most important questions in solar physics. Our current understanding is that small-scale internetwork (IN) magnetic fields play an important role as a heating agent. Indeed, cancellations of IN magnetic elements in the photosphere can produce transient brightenings in the chromosphere and transition region. These bright structures might be the signature of energy release and plasma heating, probably driven by magnetic reconnection of IN field lines. Although single events are not expected to release large amounts of energy, their global …
Formation and Eruption of a Vortex-driven Magnetic Flux Rope in the Simulated Quiet Sun
School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University（南京大学天文与空间科学学院）；Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education（南京大学现代天文与天体物理教育部重点实验室）
We investigate a region of the quiet solar photosphere exhibiting three-lobed Stokes V profiles in the Fe I spectral line at 15648 Angstroem. The data were acquired with the GRIS spectropolarimeter attached to the GREGOR telescope. We aim at investigating the thermal, kinematic and magnetic properties of the atmosphere responsible for these measured complex signals. The SIR inversion code is employed to retrieve the physical parameters of the lower solar photosphere from the observed polarization signals. We follow two different approaches. On the one hand, we consider that the multi-lobe circ…
Photospheric downward plasma motions in the quiet-Sun
我们分析分光偏振数据采取与日之出航天器在安静的太阳区域在磁盘中心。扭曲的红移斯托克斯$V$配置文件被发现显示出的特性的演变，总是遵循相同的相位序列。我们研究了这些事件的统计特性，使用分光偏振数据从Hinode/SP。我们还研究了上层光球和低色球层使用Mg i b2和Ca ii h数据从Hinode。最后，我们应用SIRGAUSS反演码的偏振数据，以推断大气层结的物理参数。我们还得到了这些物理参数考虑到动力学项的运动方程。Stokes V剖面显示了一个以四个不同时间步长演变的凹凸，整个过程持续108秒。斯托克斯I显示出强烈弯曲的红色翼，连续信号在晶间通道内显示出亮点。这个亮点与Mg i b2线的强红移和Ca ii h图像中的明亮特征相关。从斯托克斯轮廓反演得到的模型比平均安静的太阳模型更热，垂直磁场配置和场强在KG值的范围内。它还提出了一个高斯扰动的LOS速度分层，其中心随着时间的推移，移动到更深的层。我们研究了一种特殊类型的事件，它可以被描述为热等离子体的等离子体团，它从光球的顶部向下移动，放置在颗粒间的通道上，并且总是与强磁场浓度有关。我们认为，这种等离子体团的起源可能是一个磁重联，是发生在色球层。
Synthetic observations produced from radiative magnetohydronamic simulations have predicted that higher polarization fractions in the quiet solar photosphere would be revealed by increasing the total integration time of observations at GREGOR resolutions. We present recently acquired disk centre observations of the Fe I $15648.5$ $\mathrmÅ$ line obtained with the GREGOR telescope equipped with the GRIS-IFU during excellent seeing conditions, showing exceptionally high polarization fractions. Our observation reveal an internetwork region with a majority ($>60\%$) of magnetised pixels displaying…
