We aim to analytically arrive at a beam splitter formulation for electron waves. The electron beam splitter is an essential component of quantum logical devices. To arrive at the beam splitter structure, the electrons are treated as waves, i.e. we assume the transport to be ballistic. Ballistic electrons are electrons that travel over such short distances that their phase coherence is maintained. For mesoscopic devices with size smaller than the mean free path, the phase relaxation length and the Fermi wavelength of electrons in the medium, the transport can be considered to be coherent and hence ballistic. In such a case the electron motion can be completely described by the Schrodinger's wave equation with an effective mass assigned to the electron. To design a beam splitter, we draw inspiration from an electromagnetic beam splitter, where the Maxwell's equations (and subsequently the Helmholtz equation) are used to describe the splitting of light across a thin slab of dielectric material. The parameters of the media and the thickness of the slab can be manipulated to achieve a 50-50 beam splitter. We wish to achieve a similar 50-50 beam splitting for the electron wave. Using an analogy between the scalar Helmholtz equation and the Schrodinger's equation for a ballistic electron, we arrive at this desired beam splitter structure for the electron.
Mesoscopic Quantum Communication via Photon-Number Moments
Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos (IFISC), UIB–CSIC（综合物理与复杂系统研究所（IFISC），巴利阿里群岛大学-西班牙国家研究委员会）；Como Lake Institute of Photonics, Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria（因苏布里亚大学科学与技术高等技术学院科莫湖光子学研究所）；Department of Physics “Alessandro Volta”, University of Pavia（帕维亚大学亚历山德罗·沃尔塔物理学系）；INFN, Sezione di Pavia（意大利国家核物理研究所帕维亚分部）
Hardy's Test versus the CHSH Test of Quantum Non-Locality: Fundamental and Practical Aspects
我们比较了两种不同的测试量子非局域性，无论是在理论方面，并在一个介观电路的可能实现：哈代的测试[哈代，物理学评论Lett。\textbf{68}，2981（1992）]和CHSH检验，后者包括最近发现的与具有三种可能结果的实验相关的不等式[Collins和Gisin，J. Phys. A \textbf{37}，1775（2004）]。我们澄清的几何Hardy方程定义的因果相关的多面体的相关性，并表明，这些方程推广到CHSH不等式，如果最轻微的不完善的设置需要考虑。我们提出了一个介观电路组成的两个相互作用的马赫-曾德尔干涉仪在霍尔条系统，哈迪的测试和CHSH测试可以实现与一个简单的改变栅极电压，并评估的鲁棒性的情况下波动的实验参数的两个测试。所提出的设置是非常强大的，应该工作的波动分束器的角度或相位高达一个弧度的顺序，或单粒子损失率高达约15%。
Study on the effects of anisotropic effective mass on electronic properties, magnetization and persistent current in semiconductor quantum ring with conical geometry
