Peter Onyisi
The ATLAS experiment has successfully recorded over 300 nb^-1 of pp collisions at 7 TeV provided by the Large Hadron Collider, with an efficiency of 94%. We describe the data acquisition, trigger, reconstruction, calibration, monitoring, and luminosity measurement infrastructure that have made this possible.
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Overview of ATLAS forward proton detectors for LHC Run 3 and plans for the HL-LHC
本文概述了ATLAS罗马罐探测器（AFP和ALFA）在第二次长停机期翻新改进后用于LHC Run 3的状态，并介绍了HL-LHC的未来计划。
With the LHC successfully collecting data at 7 TeV, plans are actively advancing for a series of upgrades leading eventually to about five times the LHC design-luminosity some 10-years from now in the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) project. Coping with the high instantaneous and integrated luminosity will require many changes to the ATLAS detector. The designs are developing rapidly for an all-new inner-tracker, significant changes in the calorimeter and muon systems, as well as improved triggers. This article summarizes the environment expected at the HL-LHC and the status of various improvemen…
The upgrade to the ATLAS trigger for LHC Run 2 is presented including a description of the design and performance of the newly reimplemented tracking algorithms. The profiling infrastructure, constructed to provide prompt feedback from the optimisation procedure is described including the methods used to monitor the relative performance improvements as the code evolves. The performance of the trigger on the first data collected in the LHC Run 2 is presented.
The innermost station of the present ATLAS forward muon detector needs to be upgraded for the super-LHC. We present a proposal to replace it with a sandwiched detector composed of several layers of small-radius Monitored Drift Tube chambers (sMDT) for precision tracking measurement and two stations of multi-gap Resistive Plate Chambers (mRPC) for triggering purpose. We describe the layout of the upgraded detector and the trigger strategy. Several modifications to the RPCs used in the ATLAS barrel region are needed to satisfy the super-LHC requirements. Various studies with the proposed mRPC ti…
After the successful LHC operation at the center-of-mass energies of 7 and 8 TeV in 2010-2012, plans are actively advancing for a series of upgrades of the accelerator, culminating roughly ten years from now in the high-luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) project, delivering of the order of five times the LHC nominal instantaneous luminosity along with luminosity leveling. The final goal is to extend the dataset from about few hundred fb$^{-1}$ to 3000 fb$^{-1}$ by around 2035 for ATLAS and CMS. In parallel, the experiments need to be kept lockstep with the accelerator to accommodate running beyond the no…
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has been successfully delivering proton-proton collision data at the unprecedented center of mass energy of 13 TeV. An upgrade is planned to increase the instantaneous luminosity delivered by the LHC in what is called the HL-LHC, aiming to deliver a total of up 3000 fb$^{-1}$ to 4000 fb$^{-1}$ of data per experiment. To cope with the expected data-taking conditions ATLAS is planning upgrades of the detector. Six Technical Design Reports (TDR) were produced by the ATLAS Collaboration. In these TDRs the physics motivation and benefits of such upgrades are discusse…
The ATLAS BPTX stations are comprised of electrostatic button pick-up detectors, located 175 m away along the beam pipe on both sides of ATLAS. The pick-ups are installed as a part of the LHC beam instrumentation and used by ATLAS for timing purposes. The signals from the ATLAS BPTX detectors are used both in the trigger system and for a stand-alone monitoring system for the LHC beams and timing signals. The monitoring software measures the phase between collisions and clock with high accuracy in order to guarantee a stable phase relationship for optimal signal sampling in the sub-detector fro…
This paper describes the integration structures for the silicon strips tracker of the ATLAS detector proposed for the Phase-II upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), also referred to as High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC). In this proposed detector Silicon strip sensors are arranged in highly modular structures, called `staves' and `petals'. This paper presents performance results from the latest prototype stave built at Berkeley. This new, double-sided prototype is composed of a specialized core structure, in which a shield-less bus tape is embedded in between carbon fiber lay-ups. A detailed d…
A wealth of physics results have already been obtained from the LHC, due to the excellent performance of the collider and its experiments. Even more results are expected to be achievable in the phase of the high-luminosity LHC (HL-LHC). It is foreseen to deliver a ten times higher LHC design luminosity resulting in about 4000 fb-1 within ten years of operation. The upgrade of the LHC is driven by the prospect to observe and measure rare processes. High particle production rates and radiation doses result in a challenging environment for the collider experiments. The ATLAS and CMS experiments a…
Algorithms used for the reconstruction and identification of electrons in the central region of the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are presented in this paper; these algorithms are used in ATLAS physics analyses that involve electrons in the final state and which are based on the 2015 and 2016 proton-proton collision data produced by the LHC at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV. The performance of the electron reconstruction, identification, isolation, and charge identification algorithms is evaluated in data and in simulated samples using electrons from $Z\rightarrow ee$ and $J/ψ\rightar…
The ATLAS liquid argon calorimeter has been operating continuously since August 2006. At this time, only part of the calorimeter was readout, but since the beginning of 2008, all calorimeter cells have been connected to the ATLAS readout system in preparation for LHC collisions. This paper gives an overview of the liquid argon calorimeter performance measured in situ with random triggers, calibration data, cosmic muons, and LHC beam splash events. Results on the detector operation, timing performance, electronics noise, and gain stability are presented. High energy deposits from radiative cosm…
The Tile Calorimeter (TileCal) is one detector of the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). TileCal is a sampling calorimeter made of steel plates and plastic scintillators which are readout using approximately 10,000 PhotoMultipliers Tubes (PMTs). In 2024, the LHC will undergo a series of upgrades towards a High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) to deliver up to 7.5 times the current nominal instantaneous luminosity. The ATLAS Tile Phase II Upgrade will accommodate detector and Data AcQuisition (DAQ) system to the HL-LHC requirements. The detector electronics will be redesigned using a n…
The ATLAS Planar Pixel Sensor R&D Project is a collaboration of 17 institutes and more than 80 scientists. Their goal is to explore the operation of planar pixel sensors for the tracker upgrade at the High Luminosity-Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). This work will give a summary of the achievements on radiation studies with n-in-n and n-in-p pixel sensors, bump-bonded to ATLAS FE-I3 and FE-I4 readout chips. The summary includes results from tests with radioactive sources and tracking efficiencies extracted from test beam measurements. Analysis results of ${2\cdot10^{16}} \text{n}_{\text{eq}}\te…
The ATLAS trigger has been used very successfully to collect collision data during 2009 and 2010 LHC running at centre of mass energies of 900 GeV, 2.36 TeV, and 7 TeV. This paper presents the ongoing work to commission the ATLAS trigger with proton collisions, including an overview of the performance of the trigger based on extensive online running. We describe how the trigger has evolved with increasing LHC luminosity and give a brief overview of plans for forthcoming LHC running.
Highly selective triggers are essential for the physics programme of the ATLAS experiment at HL-LHC where the instantaneous luminosity will be about an order of magnitude larger than the LHC instantaneous luminosity in Run 1. The first level muon trigger rate is dominated by low momentum muons below the nominal trigger threshold due to the moderate momentum resolution of the Resistive Plate and Thin Gap trigger chambers. The resulting high trigger rates at HL-LHC can be sufficiently reduced by using the data of the precision Muon Drift Tube chambers for the trigger decision. This requires the …
The ATLAS hadronic Tile Calorimeter will undergo major upgrades to the on- and off-detector electronics in preparation for the High Luminosity program of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) in 2026, so that the system can cope with the HL-LHC increased radiation levels and out-of-time pileup. The on-detector electronics of the upgraded system will continuously digitize and transmit all photo-multiplier signals to the off-detector systems at a 40 MHz rate. The off-detector electronics will store the data in pipeline buffers, produce digital hadronic tower sums for the ATLAS Level-0 trigger syste…
Expected Tracking Performance of the ATLAS Inner Tracker at the High-Luminosity LHC
为应对高亮度LHC每次束团交叉200次质子相互作用的挑战，ATLAS合作组将用全硅ITk替换现有内部探测器，适配软件实现高亮度下先进径迹重建，本文介绍其基于最新进展的预期性能。
This article describes the Laser calibration system of the Atlas hadronic Tile Calorimeter that has been used during the run 1 of the LHC. First, the stability of the system associated readout electronics is studied. It is found to be stable with variations smaller than 0.6 %. Then, the method developed to compute the calibration constants, to correct for the variations of the gain of the calorimeter photomultipliers, is described. These constants were determined with a statistical uncertainty of 0.3 % and a systematic uncertainty of 0.2 % for the central part of the calorimeter and 0.5 % for …
ATLAS is one of the two general purpose detectors at the world's largest particle accelerator, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The LHC will be colliding proton beams at a center of mass energy {\surd}s= 14 TeV and is currently operating at {\surd}s = 7 TeV. During the commissioning phase since September 2008, the ATLAS recorded cosmic-rays data and proton-proton collisions at {\surd}s = 0.9 TeV. This data has extensively been used for the alignment and calibration of various sub-detectors. The ATLAS detector has a precision tracking system installed around the beam pipe for the measurements o…
The ATLAS BPTX stations are comprised of electrostatic button pick-up detectors, located 175 m away along the beam pipe on both sides of ATLAS. The pick-ups are installed as a part of the LHC beam instrumentation and used by ATLAS for timing purposes. The usage of the BPTX signals in ATLAS is twofold: they are used both in the trigger system and for LHC beam monitoring. The BPTX signals are discriminated with a constant-fraction discriminator to provide a Level-1 trigger when a bunch passes through ATLAS. Furthermore, the BPTX detectors are used by a stand-alone monitoring system for the LHC b…
The LHC timing signals are broadcast to various destinations in the subsequent experiments. And all of them could be delayed to time in the ATLAS sub-detectors by using the Corde board and the RF2TTC module. The ATLAS BPTX detectors and monitoring system could guarantee the demanded sychronization of the beam in the futher collision.
With the LHC collecting data at 7 TeV, plans are already advancing for a series of upgrades leading eventually to about five times the LHC design luminosity some 10 years from now in the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) project. The upgrades for ATLAS detector will be staged in preparation for HL-LHC. The first upgrade for the Pixel Detector will be the construction of a new pixel layer, which will be installed during the first shutdown of the LHC machine foreseen in 2013-14. The new detector, called the Insertable B-Layer (IBL) will be installed between the existing Pixel Detector and a new, smal…
In this work the properties of scattered protons in the vicinity of the ATLAS Interaction Point (IP1) for various LHC optics settings are discussed. Firstly, the beam elements installed around IP1 are presented. Then the ATLAS forward detector systems: Absolute Luminosity For ATLAS (ALFA) and ATLAS Forward Protons (AFP) are described and their similarities and differences are discussed. Next, the various optics used at Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are described and the beam divergence and width at the Interaction Point as well as at the ATLAS forward detectors locations are calculated. Finally,…
The LHC accelerator complex will be upgraded between 2020-2022, to the High-Luminosity-LHC, to considerably increase statistics for the various physics analyses. To operate under these challenging new conditions, and maintain excellent performance in track reconstruction and vertex location, the ATLAS pixel detector must be substantially upgraded and a full replacement is expected. Processing techniques for novel pixel designs are optimised through characterisation of test structures in a clean room and also through simulations with Technology Computer Aided Design (TCAD). A method to study no…
The high-luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider will provide 5-7 times greater luminosities than assumed in the original detector design. An improved trigger system requires an upgrade of the readout electronics of the ATLAS Liquid Argon Calorimeter. Concepts for the future readout of the 182,500 calorimeter cells at 40-80 MHz and 16-bit dynamic range and the developments of radiation-tolerant, low-noise, low-power, and high-bandwidth front-end electronic components, including preamplifiers and shapers, 14-bit ADCs, and 10-Gb/s laser diode array drivers, are presented in this paper.
New front-end electronics including ASICs and FPGA boards are under development for the ATLAS Monitored Drift Tube (MDT) detector to handle the large data rates and harsh environment expected at high-luminosity LHC runs. A mobile Data Acquisition (miniDAQ) system is designed to perform integration tests of these front-end electronics. In addition, it will be used for surface commissioning of 96 small-radius MDT (sMDT) chambers and for integration and commissioning of new front-end electronics on the present ATLAS MDT chambers. Details of the miniDAQ hardware and firmware are described in this …
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