强关联光晶格中的冷却：前景与挑战
Cooling in strongly correlated optical lattices: prospects and challenges
摘要：
光晶格已经成为强关联材料（如高温超导铜氧化物）的哈伯德模型的理想模拟器。在光晶格实验中，粒子间的相互作用强度等微观参数是众所周知的，并且容易调节。不幸的是，使用光晶格来研究哈伯德模型的好处有一个明显的缺点：与固体中的开尔文相比，原子系统中的能量标度通常是纳开尔文，相应地，观察奇异相（如d波超导性）所需的温度标度也很小。达到光晶格模拟可以产生影响的区域所需的超低温是我们理论理解失败的领域一直是该领域进步的障碍。为了向前迈进，需要共同努力开发新的冷却技术，并进一步开发测量更低温度的技术。这篇文章将致力于讨论冷却和测温的概念，在光晶格实验中的基本热源，并建议和实施的测温和冷却技术的评论。
英文摘要：
Optical lattices have emerged as ideal simulators for Hubbard models of strongly correlated materials, such as the high-temperature superconducting cuprates. In optical lattice experiments, microscopic parameters such as the interaction strength between particles are well known and easily tunable. Unfortunately, this benefit of using optical lattices to study Hubbard models come with one clear disadvantage: the energy scales in atomic systems are typically nanoKelvin compared with Kelvin in solids, with a correspondingly miniscule temperature scale required to observe exotic phases such as d-wave superconductivity. The ultra-low temperatures necessary to reach the regime in which optical lattice simulation can have an impact-the domain in which our theoretical understanding fails-have been a barrier to progress in this field. To move forward, a concerted effort to develop new techniques for cooling and, by extension, techniques to measure even lower temperatures. This article will be devoted to discussing the concepts of cooling and thermometry, fundamental sources of heat in optical lattice experiments, and a review of proposed and implemented thermometry and cooling techniques.
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