arXivDaily arXiv每日学术速递 周一至周五更新
arXiv 1009.4444cond-mat.soft
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基于颗粒物料夹持的通用机器人抓取器

Universal Robotic Gripper based on the Jamming of Granular Material

Eric Brown, Nicholas Rodenberg, John Amend, Annan Mozeika, Erik Steltz, Mitchell R. Zakin, Hod Lipson, Heinrich M. Jaeger

摘要:

抓取和保持物体是机器人的关键任务。然而,开发能够拾取形状和表面特性变化很大的不熟悉物体的通用夹具仍然具有挑战性。大多数当前的设计是基于多指手,但这种方法引入了硬件和软件的复杂性。这些包括大量的可控关节,如果要安全地处理物体而不压碎它们,则需要力感测,以及计算开销来决定每个手指应该施加多少应力以及在哪里。在这里,我们展示了一个完全不同的方法来通用夹具。单个手指被一团颗粒状材料取代,当按压到目标物体上时,颗粒状材料围绕目标物体流动并符合其形状。在施加真空时,颗粒状材料迅速收缩和硬化,以夹紧和保持物体,而不需要感觉反馈。我们发现,小于0.5%的体积变化足以可靠地抓住物体,并以超过其重量许多倍的力握住它们。我们表明,其工作原理是颗粒材料在未堵塞、可变形状态和具有固体般刚性的堵塞状态之间转变的能力。我们描绘了三个独立的机制,摩擦,吸力和联锁,有助于夹紧力。使用一个简单的模型,我们将它们中的每一个与卡住状态的机械强度相关联。这为设计简单但高度适应系统开辟了新的可能性,这些系统擅长快速抓取复杂物体。

英文摘要:

Gripping and holding of objects are key tasks for robotic manipulators. The development of universal grippers able to pick up unfamiliar objects of widely varying shape and surface properties remains, however, challenging. Most current designs are based on the multi-fingered hand, but this approach introduces hardware and software complexities. These include large numbers of controllable joints, the need for force sensing if objects are to be handled securely without crushing them, and the computational overhead to decide how much stress each finger should apply and where. Here we demonstrate a completely different approach to a universal gripper. Individual fingers are replaced by a single mass of granular material that, when pressed onto a target object, flows around it and conforms to its shape. Upon application of a vacuum the granular material contracts and hardens quickly to pinch and hold the object without requiring sensory feedback. We find that volume changes of less than 0.5% suffice to grip objects reliably and hold them with forces exceeding many times their weight. We show that the operating principle is the ability of granular materials to transition between an unjammed, deformable state and a jammed state with solid-like rigidity. We delineate three separate mechanisms, friction, suction and interlocking, that contribute to the gripping force. Using a simple model we relate each of them to the mechanical strength of the jammed state. This opens up new possibilities for the design of simple, yet highly adaptive systems that excel at fast gripping of complex objects.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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