arXiv 1007.40882010-07cond-mat.quant-gas

光学微腔中光子的玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚

Bose-Einstein condensation of photons in an optical microcavity

Jan Klaers, Julian Schmitt, Frank Vewinger, Martin Weitz

发表信息：: Nature 468, 545 (2010)
DOI：: 10.1038/nature09567

摘要：

玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚是具有整数自旋的粒子（玻色子）在低温和高密度下的宏观基态聚集，它已在包括冷原子气体和固态物理准粒子在内的多种物理系统中被观测到。然而，最无所不在的玻色气体，黑体辐射（辐射在热平衡与腔壁）不显示这种相变，因为光子的化学势消失，当温度降低，光子消失在腔壁。理论工作已经考虑了光子数守恒热化过程，这是玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚的先决条件，使用热电子气体的康普顿散射，或使用非线性谐振器配置中的光子-光子散射。在最近的实验中，我们观察到了二维光子气体在填充染料的光学微腔中的数量守恒热化，充当光子的“白墙”盒子。在这里，我们报告的观察玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚的光子在染料填充的光学微腔。腔镜提供了一个限制势和一个非零的有效光子质量，使系统在形式上等价于一个被囚禁的大质量玻色子的二维气体。通过多次散射离开染料分子，光子热化到染料溶液的温度（室温）。在增加的光子密度，我们观察到以下签名的BEC的光子：玻色-爱因斯坦分布的光子能量与大量填充的基态模式上的一个广泛的热翼，相变发生在预期的值，并表现出预测的腔的几何形状的依赖性，和基态模式出现，即使在空间上位移的泵点。

英文摘要：

Bose-Einstein condensation, the macroscopic ground state accumulation of particles with integer spin (bosons) at low temperature and high density, has been observed in several physical systems, including cold atomic gases and solid state physics quasiparticles. However, the most omnipresent Bose gas, blackbody radiation (radiation in thermal equilibrium with the cavity walls) does not show this phase transition, because the chemical potential of photons vanishes and, when the temperature is reduced, photons disappear in the cavity walls. Theoretical works have considered photon number conserving thermalization processes, a prerequisite for Bose-Einstein condensation, using Compton scattering with a gas of thermal electrons, or using photon-photon scattering in a nonlinear resonator configuration. In a recent experiment, we have observed number conserving thermalization of a two-dimensional photon gas in a dye-filled optical microcavity, acting as a 'white-wall' box for photons. Here we report on the observation of a Bose-Einstein condensation of photons in a dye-filled optical microcavity. The cavity mirrors provide both a confining potential and a non-vanishing effective photon mass, making the system formally equivalent to a two-dimensional gas of trapped, massive bosons. By multiple scattering off the dye molecules, the photons thermalize to the temperature of the dye solution (room temperature). Upon increasing the photon density we observe the following signatures for a BEC of photons: Bose-Einstein distributed photon energies with a massively populated ground state mode on top of a broad thermal wing, the phase transition occurring both at the expected value and exhibiting the predicted cavity geometry dependence, and the ground state mode emerging even for a spatially displaced pump spot.

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