We study the ground state of baryonic/axial matter at zero temperature chiral-symmetry broken phase under a large magnetic field, in the framework of holographic QCD by Sakai-Sugimoto. Our study is motivated by a recent proposal of chiral magnetic spiral phase that has been argued to be favored against previously studied phase of homogeneous distribution of axial/baryonic currents in terms of meson super-currents dictated by triangle anomalies in QCD. Our results provide an existence proof of chiral magnetic spiral in strong coupling regime via holography, at least for large axial chemical potentials, whereas we don't find the phenomenon in the case of purely baryonic chemical potential.
We argue that the presence of a very strong magnetic field in the chirally broken phase induces inhomogeneous expectation values, of a spiral nature along the magnetic field axis, for the currents of charge and chirality, when there is finite baryon density or an imbalance between left and right chiralities. This "chiral magnetic spiral" is a gapless excitation transporting the currents of (i) charge (at finite chirality), and (ii) chirality (at finite baryon density) along the direction of the magnetic field. In both cases it also induces in the transverse directions oscillating currents of c…
We calculate anomaly induced conductivities from a holographic gauge theory model using Kubo formulas, making a clear conceptual distinction between thermodynamic state variables such as chemical potentials and external background fields. This allows us to pinpoint ambiguities in previous holographic calculations of the chiral magnetic conductivity. We also calculate the corresponding anomalous current three-point functions in special kinematic regimes. We compare the holographic results to weak coupling calculations using both dimensional regularization and cutoff regularization. In order to …
We investigate the effect of a magnetic field on the vacuum of low-temperature QCD at large-N_c in the presence of a chiral chemical potential, using the holographic Sakai-Sugimoto model. Above some critical chemical potential we find an instability, which triggers a decay of the homogeneous vacuum to a non-homogeneous configuration with a spiral form, which we construct explicitly. We find that this decay is suppressed for sufficiently large magnetic field, and determine the critical strength. We find that the new vacuum does not exhibit the chiral magnetic effect. This is related to the way …
The phase diagram of the two-dimensional Nambu-Jona-Lasinio (or chiral Gross-Neveu) model is characterized by an order parameter in the form of a chiral spiral. Its radius vanishes at a critical temperature, its period depends only on the chemical potential. We generalize these findings to chirally imbalanced systems by including a chiral chemical potential $μ_5$. The relationship between the present, static approach and a previous, time dependent one is traced back to a half-local symmetry which the NJL$_2$ model shares with massless Dirac fermions, but which has been neglected so far. The st…
We explore the end point of the helical instability in finite density, finite magnetic field background discussed by Kharzeev and Yee [1]. The nonlinear solution is obtained and identified with the (magnetized) chiral density wave phase in literature. We find there are two branches of solutions, which match with the two unstable modes in [1]. At large chemical potential and magnetic field, the magnetized chiral density wave can be thermodynamically preferred over chirally symmetric phase and chiral symmetry breaking phase. Interestingly, we find an exotic state with vanishing chemical potentia…
We obtain the pion decay constant and coefficients of fourth derivative terms in the chiral Lagrangian for massless quarks in the Witten-Sakai-Sugimoto model. We extract these quantities from the two-pion scattering amplitude, which we compute directly in the holographic dual through tree-level Witten diagrams. Identification of the low energy coefficients in the chiral action is subtle as their values will be shifted when the tower of massive vector bosons are integrated out. Indeed, by a direct comparison with the existing standard procedure of constructing the chiral action with radial mode…
We present holographic computations of the time-dependent chiral magnetic conductivity in the framework of gauge/gravity correspondence. Chiral magnetic effect is a phenomenon where an electromagnetic current parallel to an applied magnetic field is induced in the presence of a finite axial chemical potential. Motivated by a recent weak-coupling perturbative QCD calculation, our aim is to provide a couple of complementary computations for strongly coupled regime which might be relevant for strongly coupled RHIC plasma. We take two prototypical holographic set-ups for computing chiral magnetic …
We consider the chiral condensate in the baryonic dense medium using the generalized Sakai-Sugimoto model. It is defined as the vacuum expectation value of open Wilson line that is proposed to be calculated by use of the area of world-sheet instanton. We evaluate it in confined as well as deconfined phase. In both phases, the chiral condensate has a minimum as a function of baryon density. In the deconfined phase, taking into account the chiral symmetry restoration, we classify the behavior of chiral condensate into three types. One can set the parameter of the theory such that the results, in…
Based on a holographic far-from-equilibrium calculation of the chiral magnetic effect~(CME) in an expanding quark gluon plasma, we study collisions at various energies. We compute the time evolution of the CME current in the presence of a time-dependent axial charge density and subject to a time-dependent magnetic field. The plasma expansion leads to a dilution of the CME current. We study distinct combinations of how the initial magnetic field and initial axial charge behave with changing initial energy as proposed in previous literature. Most scenarios we consider lead to an increasing time-…
We consider the model of holographic QCD with asymptotic freedom and gluon condensation in its vacuum. It consists of the color D4-branes and D0-branes as a background and the flavor D8-branes as a probe. By taking a specific field theory limit, the effective coupling decreases to vanish in UV region. We then introduce the uniformly distributed baryons in terms of the baryon vertices and study the density dependence of chiral condensate, which is evaluated using the worldsheet instanton method. In the confined phase, the chiral condensate as a function of density monotonically decreases in hig…
The D3/D7 system holographically describes an N=2 gauge theory which spontaneously breaks a chiral symmetry by the formation of a quark condensate in the presence of a magnetic field. At finite temperature it displays a first order phase transition. We study out of equilibrium dynamics associated with this transition by placing probe D7 branes in a geometry describing a boost-invariant expanding or contracting plasma. We use an adiabatic approximation to track the evolution of the quark condensate in a heated system and reproduce the phase structure expected from equilibrium dynamics. We then …
In a hard-wall model of holographic QCD, we find that nonlinear boundary dynamics are required in order to maintain the correct pattern of explicit and spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking beyond leading order in the pion fields. With the help of a field redefinition, we relate the requisite nonlinear boundary conditions to a standard Sturm-Liouville system. Observables insensitive to the chiral limit receive only small corrections in the improved description, and classical calculations in the hard-wall model remain surprisingly accurate.
We study dispersion relations of hydrodynamic waves of hot N=4 SYM plasma at strong coupling with a finite U(1) R-charge chemical potential via holography. We first provide complete equations of motion of linearized fluctuations out of a charged AdS black-hole background according to their helicity, and observe that helicity +1 and -1 transverse shear modes receive a new parity-odd contribution from the 5D Chern-Simons term, which is dual to 4D U(1)^3 anomaly. We present a systematic solution of the helicity +1,-1 wave equations in long wave-length expansion, and obtain the corresponding dispe…
We study the relationship between chiral symmetry breaking and baryons in holographic QCD. We construct a soliton with unit baryon charge in the presence of a nonzero mean value of the scalar bifundamental field, which is dual to the chiral condensate. We obtain a relation between the chiral condensate and the mass of the baryon and find in a clear-cut way that at large values of the condensate the holographic soliton is no longer located on the IR wall. Instead it is split into two halves, which are symmetrically located on the left and right flavor branes. On the other hand we find that the …
It is shown that the inhomogeneous chiral condensate in the Gross-Neveu (GN) model takes the chiral spiral form, even though the thermodynamic functional depends only on the chiral scalar density. It is the inhomogeneity of the chiral scalar condensate that drives the spatial modulations of the pseudoscalar one. The result has broader implications once we start to think of fundamental theories behind the effective models. In particular, some effective interactions---which may be omitted for descriptions of the homogeneous phases---can be dynamically enhanced due to the spatial modulations of t…
We investigate the chiral electric separation effect, where an axial current is induced by an electric field in the presence of both vector and axial chemical potentials, in a strongly coupled plasma via the Sakai-Sugimoto model with an $U(1)_R\times U(1)_L$ symmetry. By introducing different chemical potentials in $U(1)_R$ and $U(1)_L$ sectors, we compute the axial direct current (DC) conductivity stemming from the chiral current and the normal DC conductivity. We find that the axial conductivity is approximately proportional to the product of the axial and vector chemical potentials for arbi…
We analyze a holographic model with a pure gauge and a mixed gauge-gravitational Chern-Simons term in the action. These are the holographic implementations of the usual chiral and the mixed gauge-gravitational anomalies in four dimensional field theories with chiral fermions. We discuss the holographic renormalization and show that the gauge-gravitational Chern-Simons term does not induce new divergences. In order to cancel contributions from the extrinsic curvature at a boundary at finite distance a new type of counterterm has to be added however. This counterterm can also serve to make the D…
We calculate the electric conductivity $σ$ in deconfined QCD matter using a holographic QCD model, i.e., the Sakai-Sugimoto Model with varying magnetic field $B$ and chiral anomaly strength. After confirming that our estimated $σ$ for $B=0$ is consistent with the lattice-QCD results, we study the case with $B\neq 0$ in which the coefficient $α$ in the Chern-Simons term controls the chiral anomaly strength. Our results imply that the transverse conductivity, $σ_\perp$, is suppressed to be $\lesssim 70\%$ at $B\sim 1\,\mathrm{GeV}^2$ as compared to the $B=0$ case when the temperature is fixed as…
We elaborate how to construct interweaving chiral spirals in (2+1) dimensions, defined as a superposition of chiral spirals oriented in different directions. We divide a two-dimensional Fermi sea into distinct wedges, characterized by the opening angle 2Theta and depth Q ~ pF, where pF is the Fermi momentum. In each wedge, the energy is lowered by forming a single chiral spiral. The optimal values for Theta and Q are chosen by balancing this gain in energy versus the cost of deforming the Fermi surface (which dominates at large Theta) and patch-patch interactions (dominant at small Theta). Usi…
To realize massive pions, we study variations of the holographic model of massless QCD using the D4/D8/anti-D8 brane configuration proposed by Sakai and Sugimoto. We propose deformations which break the chiral symmetry explicitly and compute the mass of the pions and vector mesons. The observed value of the pion mass can be obtained. We also argue a chiral perturbation corresponding to our deformation.
A self-consistent holographic QCD model is proposed which can realize both chiral symmetry breaking and confinement, two most important phenomena of QCD. It is pointed out that the model can accommodate both Regge spectra of hadrons and the linear potential between quarks. The model is formulated in the framework of graviton-dilaton-scalar system, where the dilaton field is dual to the dimension-2 gluon condensate and can lead to the linear confinement, while the scalar field corresponds to the quark anti-quark condensate and can explain the property of chiral dynamics.
In the presence of a quark chemical potential, a magnetic field induces an axial current in the direction of the magnetic field. We compute this current in the Sakai-Sugimoto model, a holographic model which, in a certain limit, is dual to large-N_c QCD. We also compute the analogous vector current, for which an axial chemical potential is formally introduced. This vector current can potentially be observed via charge separation in heavy-ion collisions. After implementing the correct axial anomaly in the Sakai-Sugimoto model we find an axial current in accordance with previous studies and a va…
We describe a new exact relation for large $N_c$ QCD for the long-distance behavior of baryon form factors in the chiral limit. This model-independent relation is used to test the consistency of the structure of several baryon models. All 4D semiclassical chiral soliton models satisfy the relation, as does the Pomarol-Wulzer holographic model of baryons as 5D Skyrmions. However, remarkably, we find that the holographic model treating baryons as instantons in the Sakai-Sugimoto model does not satisfy the relation.
The soft wall model in holographic QCD has Regge trajectories but wrong operator product expansion (OPE) for the two-point vectorial QCD Green function. We modify the dilaton potential to comply OPE. We study also the axial two-point function using the same modified dilaton field and an additional scalar field to address chiral symmetry breaking. OPE is recovered adding a boundary term and low energy chiral parameters, $F_π$ and $L_{10}$, are well described analytically by the model in terms of Regge spacing and QCD condensates. The model nicely supports and extends previous theoretical analys…
We develop a method for integrating out the heavy Kaluza-Klein modes of scalar type as well as those of vector and axial-vector types, in a class of hard-wall bottom-up approaches of holographic QCD models, including the Dirac-Born-Infeld and Chern-Simons parts. By keeping only the lowest-lying vector mesons, we first obtain an effective chiral Lagrangian of the vector mesons based on the hidden local symmetry, and all the low-energy constants in the HLS Lagrangian are expressed in terms of holographic integrals and, consequently, are fully determined by the holographic geometry and a few cons…
We calculate the low energy constants of four-nucleon interactions in an effective chiral Lagrangian in holographic QCD. We start with a D4-D8 model to obtain meson-nucleon interactions and then integrate out massive mesons to obtain the four-nucleon interactions in 4D. We end up with two low energy constants at the leading order and seven of them at the next leading order, which is consistent with the effective chiral Lagrangian. The values of the low energy constants are evaluated with the first five Kaluza-Klein resonances.
The breaking of chiral symmetry in holographic light-front QCD is encoded in its longitudinal dynamics with its chiral limit protected by the superconformal algebraic structure which governs its transverse dynamics. The scale in the longitudinal light-front Hamiltonian determines the confinement strength in this direction: It is also responsible for most of the light meson ground state mass consistent with the Gell-Mann-Oakes-Renner constraint. Longitudinal confinement and the breaking of chiral symmetry are found to be different manifestations of the same underlying dynamics as found in 't Ho…
Bottom-up holographic models of QCD, inspired by the AdS/CFT correspondence, have shown a remarkable degree of phenomenological success. However, they rely on a number of bold assumptions. We investigate the reliability of one of the key assumptions, which involves matching the parameters of these models to QCD at high 4D momentum $q^2$ and renormalization scale $μ^2$. We show that this leads to phenomenological and theoretical inconsistencies for scale-dependent quantities such as $\bra \bar{q}q\ket$
We study dense nuclear and quark matter within a single microscopic approach, namely the holographic Sakai-Sugimoto model. Nuclear matter is described via instantons in the bulk, and we show that instanton interactions are crucial for a continuous connection of chirally broken and chirally symmetric phases. The continuous path from nuclear to quark matter includes metastable and unstable stationary points of the potential, while the actual chiral phase transition remains of first order, as in earlier approximations. We show that the model parameters can be chosen to reproduce low-density prope…
We study the chiral phase transition in a magnetic field at finite temperature and chemical potential within the Sakai-Sugimoto model, a holographic top-down approach to (large-N_c) QCD. We consider the limit of a small separation of the flavor D8-branes, which corresponds to a dual field theory comparable to a Nambu-Jona Lasinio (NJL) model. Mapping out the surface of the chiral phase transition in the parameter space of magnetic field strength, quark chemical potential, and temperature, we find that for small temperatures the addition of a magnetic field decreases the critical chemical poten…
We investigate various aspects of a proposal by Aharony and Kutasov arXiv:0803.3547 [hep-th] for the gravity dual of an open Wilson line in the Sakai-Sugimoto model or its non-compact version. In particular, we use their proposal to determine the effect of finite temperature, as well as background electric and magnetic fields, on the chiral symmetry breaking order parameter. We also generalize their prescription to more complicated worldsheets and identify the operators dual to such worldsheets.
We investigate nonlinear extensions of the holographic soft wall model proposed by Karch, Katz, Son and Stephanov \cite{Karch:2006pv} with a positive quadratic dilaton. We consider a Higgs potential for the tachyonic field that brings a more natural realisation of chiral symmetry breaking in the infrared regime. Utilising the AdS/CFT dictionary and holographic renormalisation we find the chiral condensate as a function of the quark mass. The nonlinearity of the Higgs potential leads to a nonlinear relation between the chiral condensate and the quark mass. Solving the effective Schrödinger equa…
Vacuum properties of quantum chromodynamics in strong magnetic and finite electric fields are investigated. We show that when a uniform electric field is instantaneously applied in the parallel direction to a strong magnetic field, it induces temporal oscillation of the chiral and pion condensates. This is a temporal analog to the chiral spiral. The oscillation originates with the propagation of the collective mode, which is protected by the axial anomaly and thus nondissipative.
We take a closer look at the recently discussed models of hadrons based on holographic ideas and chiral symmetry breaking in five dimensions. We study the two point correlator in detail and look at the field theoretic properties needed to be satisfied by the correlator. It is shown that the spectral density becomes negative, violating the basic requirements for the Kallen-Lehmann representation. We briefly discuss the implications of this violation of the positivity of the spectral density and also discuss possible origin of such a violation in these models. Put simply this means that such mod…
Due to the Weyl anomaly, an axial vector field produces novel anomalous chiral currents in spacetime with boundaries. Remarkably, the chiral current is not invariant under the gauge transformation of axial vector fields. As a result, more potential terms appear, and the chiral current becomes larger than the electric current near the boundary. This paper investigates the anomalous chiral current in AdS/BCFT. We find that the minimal holographic model of the axial vector field cannot produce the expected chiral current. To resolve this problem, we propose adding a suitable boundary action. Furt…
The chiral symmetry breaking ($χ_{SB}$) is one of the most fundamental problems in QCD. In this paper, we calculate quark condensation analytically in a holographic QCD model dual to the Einstein-Maxwell-Dilaton (EMD) system coupled to a probe scalar field. We find that the black hole phase transition in the EMD system seriously affects $χ_{SB}$. At small chemical potential, $χ_{SB}$ behaves as a crossover. For large chemical potential $μ>μ_c$, $χ_{SB}$ becomes first order with exactly the same transition temperature as the black hole phase transition by a bypass mechanism. The phase diagram w…
Frustration is an important phenomenon in condensed matter physics because it can introduce a new order parameter such as chirality. Towards understanding a mechanism of the frustration in strongly correlated systems, we study a holographic superconductor model with three scalar fields and an interband Josephson coupling, which is important for the frustration. We analyze free energy of solutions of the model to determine ground states. We find chiral ground states, which have nonzero chirality.
The transverse part of the vector-axial vector flavor current correlator in the presence of weak external electric field is studied using holography. The correlator is calculated using a bottom-up model arxiv:1003.2377 {proposed recently}, that includes the non-linear dynamics of the chiral condensate. It is shown that for low momenta the result agrees with the relation proposed by arXiv:1010.0718 {Son and Yamamoto} motivated by a simpler holographic model. For large Euclidean momenta however, the two results diverge. In the process, the difference of the vector and axial vector two point func…
We explore the role of a holographic Wilsonian cut-off in simple probe brane models with chiral symmetry breaking/restoration phase transitions. The Wilsonian cut-off allows us to define supergravity solutions for off-shell configurations and hence to define a potential for the chiral condensate. We pay particular attention to the need for configurations whose action we are comparing to have the same IR and UV boundary conditions. We exhibit new first and second order phase transitions with changing cut-off. We derive the effective potential for the condensate including mean field and BKT type…
We analyze static properties of nucleons in the two flavor holographic QCD model of Sakai and Sugimoto described effectively by a five-dimensional U(2) Yang-Mills theory with the Chern-Simons term on a curved background. The baryons are represented in this model as a soliton, which at a time slice is approximately the BPST instanton with a fixed size. First, we construct a chiral current in four dimensions from the Noether current of local gauge transformations which are non-vanishing on the boundaries of the extra dimension. We examine this chiral current for nucleons with quantized collectiv…
We describe the temperature-chemical potential phase diagrams of holographic models of a range of strongly coupled gauge theories that display chiral symmetry breaking/restoration transitions. The models are based on the D3/probe-D7 system but with a phenomenologically chosen running coupling/dilaton profile. We realize chiral phase transitions with either temperature or density that are first or second order by changing the dilaton profile. Although the models are only caricatures of QCD they show that holographic models can capture many aspects of the QCD phase diagram and hint at the depend…
We calculate the one-point function of certain chiral operators, known as open Wilson lines, in the holographic Nambu-Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model at finite temperature as well as finite chemical potential for quark (baryon) number density. These operators are holographically dual to Euclidean string worldsheets bounded by the flavor branes. Their one-point functions can serve as order parameters for chiral symmetry breaking in these models. Analyzing the behavior of the dual string worldsheets with respect to temperature and chemical potential (or quark density) enables us to determine how the or…
We argue that the chiral conductivities of generic s-wave holographic superfluids, whose broken U(1) symmetry is anomalous, exhibit universal behavior at low temperatures. The universal behavior we argue for is independent of the details of the bulk action and on the emergent geometry deep in the bulk interior at low temperatures. Our results are contrasted against general expectations based on an analysis of the entropy current in superfluids.
With proper profiles of the scalar potential and the dilaton field, for the first time, the spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking in the vacuum and its restoration at finite temperature are correctly realized in the holographic QCD framework. In the chiral limit, a nonzero chiral condensate develops in the vacuum and decreases with temperature, and the phase transition is of 2nd order for two-flavor case and of 1st order for three-flavor case. In the case of explicit chiral symmetry breaking, in two-flavor case, the 2nd order phase transition turns to crossover with any nonzero current quark ma…
We review a recent investigation of the effect of magnetic catalysis of mass generation in holographic Yang-Mills theories. We aim at a self-contained and pedagogical form of the review. We provide a brief field theory background and review the basics of holographic flavordynamics. The main part of the review investigates the influence of external magnetic field on holographic gauge theories dual to the D3/D5-- and D3/D7-- brane intersections. Among the observed phenomena are the spontaneous breaking of a global internal symmetry, Zeeman splitting of the energy levels and the existence of pseu…
We propose a variant of the $D4$-$D8$ construction to describe the low energy effective theory of heavy-light mesons, interacting with the lowest lying pseudoscalar and vector mesons. The heavy degrees of freedom are identified with the $D8_L$-$D8_H$ string low energy modes, and are approximated near the world volume of $N_f-1$ light $D8_L$ branes, by fundamental vector field valued in $U(N_f-1)$. The effective action follows from the reduction of the bulk D-brane Born-Infeld (DBI) and Chern-Simons (CS) actions, and is shown to exhibit both chiral and heavy-quark symmetry. The action interpola…
We study the physics with finite nuclear density in the framework of AdS/QCD with holographic baryon field included. Based on a mean field type approach, we introduce the nucleon density as a bi-fermion condensate of the lowest mode of the baryon field and calculate the density dependence of the chiral condensate and the nucleon mass. We observe that the chiral condensate as well as the mass of nucleon decrease with increasing nuclear density. We also consider the mass splitting of charged vector mesons in iso-spin asymmetric nuclear matter.
We consider the finite temperature phase diagram of holographic QCD in the Veneziano limit (Nc large, Nf large with xf=Nf/Nc fixed) and calculate one string-loop corrections to the free energy in certain approximations. Such corrections, especially due to the pion modes are unsuppressed in the Veneziano limit. We find that under some extra assumptions the first order transition following from classical gravity solutions can become second order. If stringy asymptotics are of a special form and there are residual interactions it may even become of third order. Operationally these computations im…
We discuss the effect of baryonic matter on the zero-temperature chiral phase transition at finite chemical potential in the presence of a background magnetic field. The main part of our study is done in the deconfined geometry of the Sakai-Sugimoto model, i.e., at large N_c and strong coupling, with non-antipodal separation of the flavor branes. We find that for not too large magnetic fields baryonic matter completely removes the chiral phase transition: chirally broken matter persists up to arbitrarily large chemical potential. At sufficiently large magnetic fields, baryonic matter becomes d…
We investigate cold dense matter in the context of Sakai and Sugimoto's holographic model of QCD in the Wigner-Seitz approximation. In bulk, baryons are treated as instantons on S^3\times R^1 in each Wigner-Seitz cell. In holographic QCD, Skyrmions are instanton holonomies along the conformal direction. The high density phase is identified with a crystal of holographic Skyrmions with restored chiral symmetry at about 4 Mkk^3/pi^5. As the average density goes up, it approaches to uniform distribution while the chiral condensate approaches to p-wave over a cell. The chiral symmetry is effectivel…
Chiral Soliton Lattices under Magnetic Fields and Rotation: a Holographic Analysis
National Institute of Technology, Oyama College（大山国立高等专门学校）；Yamagata University（山形大学）；Keio University（庆应义塾大学）；Hiroshima University（广岛大学）；Kitasato University（北里大学）
We investigate the effect of a non-zero magnetic field on the chiral condensate using a holographic QCD approach. We extend the model proposed by Iatrakis, Kiritsis and Paredes in arXiv:1010.1364 that realises chiral symmetry breaking dynamically from 5d tachyon condensation. We calculate the chiral condensate, magnetisation and susceptibilities for the confined and deconfined phases. The model leads, in the probe approximation, to magnetic catalysis of chiral symmetry breaking in both confined and deconfined phases. In the chiral limit, $m_q=0$, we find that in the deconfined phase a sufficie…
We study anomalous conductivities in Chiral Superfluids in the framework of two different holographic models, by means of Kubo formulae. In addition, we point out the existence of an anomalous transport phenomenon that consists in the presence of a charge density when the superfluid velocity is aligned with a magnetic field. It has been pointed out recently that certain chiral conductivities in holographic superfluids exhibit universal behavior at zero temperature. We show that anomalous conductivities always stabilize at low temperatures in our setup. Even though the particular value they acq…
We consider the holographic abelian Higgs model and show that, in the absence of the scale symmetry breaking effect, chiral symmetry breaking gives linear confinement where the slope is given by the value of the chiral condensation. The model can be considered either as the theory of superconductivity or as the axial sector of QCD depending on the interpretation of the charge. We also provided a few models with linear confinement.
We consider a holographic description of the chiral symmetry breaking in an external magnetic field in $ (2+1) $-dimensional gauge theories from the softwall model using an improved dilaton field profile given by $Φ(z) = - kz^2 + (k+k_1)z^2\tanh (k_{2}z^2)$. We find inverse magnetic catalysis for $B<B_c$ and magnetic catalysis for $B>B_c$, where $B_c$ is the pseudocritical magnetic field. The transition between these two regimes is a crossover and occurs at $B=B_c$, which depends on the fermion mass and temperature. We also find spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking (the chiral condensate $σ\no…
