星系的恒星质量和速度函数：向后演化和Milky Way兄弟星系的命运
Stellar Mass and Velocity Functions of Galaxies: Backward evolution and the fate of Milky Way siblings
摘要：
本文试图用简单的后向演化模型检验观测到的恒星质量函数（SMF）、SFR函数和宇宙恒星形成率密度的一致性。从观测到的恒星形成星系的SMF开始，我们使用向后模型来预测一些量的演化，如SFR函数，宇宙SFR密度和速度函数。速度是一个参数附加到一个星系在其历史上（相反的恒星质量），这种方法使我们能够量化的数量密度演化的星系的给定速度，例如银河系的兄弟姐妹。观测表明，恒星形成星系的SMF在红移0和1之间是恒定的。为了重现这一结果，我们必须在一些恒星形成星系中淬灭恒星形成。这些淬火星系的SMF是一致的，与现有的数据有关的人口增加的静止星系在相同的红移间隔。静止星系的SMF主要取决于必须阻止恒星形成的活动星系的分布，并在合并过程中进行适度的质量再分布。宇宙的SFR密度，和SFR功能的演变是相对较好的恢复，虽然他们提供了一些线索的恒星形成星系的SMF在最低的红移的小演变。因此，我们认为，我们已经以一种简单的方式获得了一个相对一致的图片星系的演化在中等红移。我们注意到，如果这幅图是正确的，那么50%的银河姐妹星系（与我们的银河系速度相同的星系，即220 km/s）自红移1以来已经淬灭了它们的恒星形成（对于更大的速度，甚至更大的比例）。我们讨论的过程，可能是负责这种转变。
英文摘要：
We attempt in this paper to check the consistency of the observed Stellar Mass Function (SMF), SFR functions and the cosmic star formation rate density with simple backward evolutionary models. Starting from observed SMF for star-forming galaxies, we use backwards models to predict the evolution of a number of quantities, such as the SFR function, the cosmic SFR density and the Velocity Function. The velocity being a parameter attached to a galaxy during its history (contrary to the stellar mass), this approach allows us to quantify the number density evolution of galaxies of a given velocity, e.g. of the Milky Way siblings. Observations suggest that the SMF of star forming galaxies is constant between redshift 0 and 1. In order to reproduce this result, we must quench star formation in a number of star forming galaxies. The SMF of these quenched galaxies is consistent with available data concerning the increase in the population of quiescent galaxies in the same redshift interval. The SMF of quiescent galaxies is then mainly determined by the distribution of active galaxies that must stop star formation, with a modest mass redistribution during mergers. The cosmic SFR density, and the evolution of the SFR functions are relatively well recovered, although they provide some clue for a small evolution of the SMF of star forming galaxies at the lowest redshifts. We thus consider that we have obtained in a simple way a relatively consistent picture of the evolution of galaxies at intermediate redshifts. We note that if this picture is correct, 50 percent of the Milky-Way sisters (galaxies with the same velocity as our Galaxy, i.e. 220 km/s) have quenched their star formation since redshift 1 (and an even larger fraction for larger velocities). We discuss the processes that might be responsible for this transformation.
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