2009年12月3C 454.3的gamma-ray耀斑：多频活动
The December 2009 gamma-ray flare of 3C 454.3: the multifrequency campaign
摘要：
在2009年12月，耀变体3C 454.3成为天空中最明亮的伽马射线源，在E > 100 MeV时达到峰值通量F ~ 2000 E-8 ph/cm 2/s。从2009年11月开始，密集的多频活动监测了3C 454伽马射线爆发。在这里，我们报告了为期2个月的活动的结果，涉及AGILE，INTEGRAL，Swift/XRT，Swift/BAT，RossiXTE的高能观测，Swift/UVOT，Kanata，GRT，REM的近红外/光学/紫外数据。GASP/WEBT提供了无线电和其他光学数据。我们探测到一个长期的活跃发射阶段，在所有波长上持续约1个月：在伽马射线波段，峰值发射在2009年12月2日至3日达到。值得注意的是，这次伽马射线超级耀斑并没有伴随着光学/紫外波段的相应强烈发射，其发射水平大大低于2007-2008年的观测结果。在超级耀斑期间缺乏强的同时光学增亮和宽带光谱演化的确定严重限制了理论建模。我们发现，耀斑前和耀斑后的宽带行为可以解释一个单区模型，涉及SSC加上外部康普顿发射的吸积盘和一个宽线区域。然而，2009年12月2日至3日的超级耀斑和2009年12月9日的次级峰值发射的光谱不能用简单的单区模型来满意地模拟。一个额外的粒子组件在这些状态下很可能是活跃的。
英文摘要：
During the month of December, 2009 the blazar 3C 454.3 became the brightest gamma-ray source in the sky, reaching a peak flux F ~2000E-8 ph/cm2/s for E > 100 MeV. Starting in November, 2009 intensive multifrequency campaigns monitored the 3C 454 gamma-ray outburst. Here we report the results of a 2-month campaign involving AGILE, INTEGRAL, Swift/XRT, Swift/BAT, RossiXTE for the high-energy observations, and Swift/UVOT, KANATA, GRT, REM for the near-IR/optical/UV data. The GASP/WEBT provided radio and additional optical data. We detected a long-term active emission phase lasting ~1 month at all wavelengths: in the gamma-ray band, peak emission was reached on December 2-3, 2009. Remarkably, this gamma-ray super-flare was not accompanied by correspondingly intense emission in the optical/UV band that reached a level substantially lower than the previous observations in 2007-2008. The lack of strong simultaneous optical brightening during the super-flare and the determination of the broad-band spectral evolution severely constrain the theoretical modelling. We find that the pre- and post-flare broad-band behavior can be explained by a one-zone model involving SSC plus external Compton emission from an accretion disk and a broad-line region. However, the spectra of the Dec. 2-3, 2009 super-flare and of the secondary peak emission on Dec. 9, 2009 cannot be satisfactorily modelled by a simple one-zone model. An additional particle component is most likely active during these states.
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