Energy cross-calibration from the first CREAM flight: transition radiation detector versus calorimeter
P. Maestro, H. S. Ahn, P. S. Allison, M. G. Bagliesi, J. J. Beatty, G. Bigongiari, P. J. Boyle, T. J. Brandt, J. T. Childers, N. B. Conklin, S. Coutu, M. A. Duv… 展开作者
P. Maestro, H. S. Ahn, P. S. Allison, M. G. Bagliesi, J. J. Beatty, G. Bigongiari, P. J. Boyle, T. J. Brandt, J. T. Childers, N. B. Conklin, S. Coutu, M. A. Duvernois, O. Ganel, J. H. Han, H. J. Hyun, J. A. Jeon, K. C. Kim, J. K. Lee, M. H. Lee, L. Lutz, P. S. Marrocchesi, A. Malinine, S. Minnick, S. I. Mognet, S. Nam, S. Nutter, H. Park, I. H. Park, N. H. Park, E. S. Seo, R. Sina, S. Swordy, S. P. Wakely, J. Wu, J. Yang, Y. S. Yoon, R. Zei, S. Y. Zinn
备注：
4 pages, 3 figures, presented at ICRC 2008
发表信息：
Proc. of the 30th International Cosmic Ray Conference Merida (2008) vol. 2, 333-336
The Cosmic Ray Energetics And Mass (CREAM) balloon experiment had two successful flights in 2004/05 and 2005/06. It was designed to perform energy measurements from a few GeV up to 1000 TeV, taking advantage of different detection techniques. The first instrument, CREAM-1, combined a transition radiation detector with a calorimeter to provide independent energy measurements of cosmicraynuclei. Each detector was calibrated with particle beams in a limited range of energies. In order to assess the absolute energy scale of the instrument and to investigate the systematic effects of each technique, a cross-calibration was performed by comparing the two independent energy estimates on selected samples of oxygen and carbon nuclei.
The Cosmic Ray Energetics And Mass (CREAM) calorimeter is designed to measure the spectra of cosmic-ray particles over the energy range from ~10^11 eV to ~10^15 eV. Its first flight as part of the CREAM-I balloon-borne payload in Antarctica during the 2004/05 season resulted in a recordbreaking 42 days of exposure. Calorimeter calibration using various beam test data will be discussed in an attempt to assess the uncertainties of the energy measurements.
The CREAM calorimeter, designed to measure the spectra of cosmic-ray nuclei from under 1 TeV to 1000 TeV, is a 20 radiation length (X0) deep sampling calorimeter. The calorimeter is comprised of 20 layers of tungsten interleaved with 20 layers of scintillating fiber ribbons, and is preceded by a pair of graphite interaction targets providing about 0.42 proton interaction lengths (λint). The calorimeter was placed in one of CERN's SPS accelerator beams for calibration and testing. Beams of 150 GeV electrons were used for calibration, and a variety of electron, proton, and nuclear fragment beams…
CREAM (Cosmic Ray Energetics And Mass) is a multi-flight balloon mission designed to collect direct data on the elemental composition and individual energy spectra of cosmic rays. Two instrument suites have been built to be flown alternately on a yearly base. The tungsten/Sci-Fi imaging calorimeter for the second flight, scheduled for December 2005, was calibrated with electron and proton beams at CERN. A calibration procedure based on the study of the longitudinal shower profile is described and preliminary results of the beam test are presented.
The Cosmic Ray Energetics And Mass (CREAM) is a balloon-borne experiment designed to measure the composition and energy spectra of cosmic rays of charge Z = 1 to 26 up to an energy of ~ 10^15 eV. CREAM had two successful flights on long-duration balloons (LDB) launched from Mc- Murdo Station, Antarctica, in December 2004 and December 2005. CREAM-I achieves a substantial measurement redundancy by employing multiple detector systems, namely a Timing Charge Detector and a Silicon Charge Detector (SCD) for particle identification, and a Transition Radiation Detector and a sampling tungsten/scintil…
During its second Antarctic flight, the CREAM (Cosmic Ray Energetics And Mass) balloon experiment collected data for 28 days, measuring the charge and the energy of cosmic rays (CR) with a redundant system of particle identification and an imaging thin ionization calorimeter. Preliminary direct measurements of the absolute intensities of individual CR nuclei are reported in the elemental range from carbon to iron at very high energy.
We present new measurements of the energy spectra of cosmic-ray (CR) nuclei from the second flight of the balloon-borne experiment Cosmic Ray Energetics And Mass (CREAM). The instrument included different particle detectors to provide redundant charge identification and measure the energy of CRs up to several hundred TeV. The measured individual energy spectra of C, O, Ne, Mg, Si, and Fe are presented up to $\sim 10^{14}$ eV. The spectral shape looks nearly the same for these primary elements and it can be fitted to an $E^{-2.66 \pm 0.04}$ power law in energy. Moreover, a new measurement of th…
We present an overview of the ASTRO-H (Hitomi) Soft X-Ray Spectrometer (SXS) and the X-Ray Imaging and Spectrometer Mission (XRISM) {\it Resolve} spectrometer. In each, a 36-pixel X-ray micro-calorimeter array operated at 50 mK covers a $3 \times 3$ arc-minute field of view. The instruments are designed to achieve an energy resolution of better than 7 eV over the 0.3 -- 12 keV energy range and operate for more than 3 years in orbit. Actually, the SXS achieved the energy resolution of $\sim$5 eV in orbit, but it was lost after only a month of operation due to the loss of spacecraft attitude con…
The Sun albedo of cosmic rays at GeVs energy has been discovered recently by FERMI satellite. They are traces of atmospheric CR hitting solar atmosphere and reflecting skimming gamma photons. Even if relevant for astrophysics, as being trace of atmospheric solar Cosmic Ray noises they cannot offer any signal of neutrino astronomy. On the contrary the Moon, with no atmosphere, may become soon a novel filtering calorimeter and an amplifier of energetic muon astronomical neutrinos (at TeV up to hundred TeV energy); these lepton tracks leave an imprint in their beta decay while in flight to Earth.…
We present the results of the first high-altitude balloon flight test of a concept for an advanced Compton telescope making use of modern scintillator materials with silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) readouts. There is a need in the fields of high-energy astronomy and solar physics for new medium-energy gamma-ray (~0.4 - 10 MeV) detectors capable of making sensitive observations. A fast scintillator- based Compton telescope with SiPM readouts is a promising solution to this instrumentation challenge, since the fast response of the scintillators permits the rejection of background via time-of-flig…
The All-sky Medium Energy Gamma-ray Observatory (AMEGO) is a Probe-class mission concept that will provide essential contributions to multimessenger astrophysics in the next decade. AMEGO operates both as a Compton and pair telescope to achieve unprecedented sensitivity between 200 keV and $>$5 GeV. The instrument consists of four subsystems. A double-sided strip silicon Tracker gives a precise measure of the first Compton scatter interaction and tracks of pair-conversion products. A novel CdZnTe Low Energy Calorimeter with excellent position and energy resolution surrounds the bottom and side…
The gamma-ray sky from several hundred keV to $\sim$ a hundred MeV has remained largely unexplored due to the challenging nature of detecting gamma rays in this regime. At lower energies, Compton scattering is the dominant interaction process whereas at higher energies pair production dominates, with a crossover at about 10 MeV depending on the material. Thus, an instrument designed to work in this energy range must be optimized for both Compton and pair-production events. The All-sky Medium Energy Gamma-ray Observatory (AMEGO) is a NASA Probe-class mission concept being submitted to the Astro…
The gamma-ray sky from several hundred keV to $\sim$ a hundred MeV has remained largely unexplored due to the challenging nature of detecting gamma rays in this regime. At lower energies, Compton scattering is the dominant interaction process whereas at higher energies pair production dominates, with a crossover at a few MeV. Thus, an instrument designed to work in this energy range must be optimized for both Compton and pair-production events. AMEGO, the All-sky Medium Energy Gamma-ray Observatory, a Probe-class mission in consideration for the 2020 decadal survey, is designed to operate at e…
In the framework of the ESA Athena mission, the X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU) instrument to be on board the X-ray Athena Observatory is a cryogenic micro-calorimeter array of Transition Edge Sensor (TES) detectors aimed at providing spatially resolved high-resolution spectroscopy. As a part of the on-board Event Processor (EP), the reconstruction software will provide the energy, spatial location and arrival time of the incoming X-ray photons hitting the detector and inducing current pulses on it. Being the standard optimal filtering technique the chosen baseline reconstruction algorithm, …
Cosmic ray muons present a large part of the radiation background and depending on the application of interest muons can be seen as background noise, e.g., radiation mapping, radiation protection, dosimetry, or as a useful interrogation probe such as cosmic ray muon tomography. It is worth noting recent developments on muon scattering tomography which has emerged as a prospective noninvasive monitoring method for many applications including spent nuclear fuel cask monitoring and geotomography. However, it is still very challenging to measure muon momentum in the field, despite the apparent ben…
AMS-02 is a wide acceptance (0.5 m2 sr) and long duration (up to 20 years) magnetic spectrometer operating onboard the International Space Station since May 2011. Its main scientific objectives are the indirect research of Dark Matter, searches of primitive Anti-Matter and the precise measurement of the Cosmic-Ray (CR) spectra. Among charged CR species, AMS-02 will be able to measure relative abundances and absolute fluxes of CRs nuclei from Hydrogen up to at least Iron (Z = 26) in a kinetic energy range from hundreds MeV to TeV per nucleon. The high statistics measurement of the chemical comp…
