关于恒星的望远镜盘--对17世纪早期到19世纪中期恒星观测的回顾和分析
On the telescopic disks of stars - a review and analysis of stellar observations from the early 17th through the middle 19th centuries
摘要：
自从望远镜天文学出现以来，天文学家们已经观察和测量了恒星的“假”望远镜圆盘，通常报告说较亮的恒星比较暗的恒星有更大的圆盘。早期的观测者如伽利略将这些圆盘解释为恒星的实体;后来的观测者如威廉·赫歇尔则认为它们是虚假的;有些人如克里斯蒂安·惠更斯则认为恒星根本没有圆盘。19世纪初，乔治·B。艾里提出了一个恒星图像的理论解释，足以解释所有的历史观测，但天文学家们很慢才完全认识到这一点。即使在今天，关于恒星和望远镜的传统智慧也与历史观测和艾里的理论相矛盾。我们给出了一个详细的分析历史的观察和艾里的理论，说明如何艾里的理论解释的历史观察，从伽利略到惠更斯到赫歇尔。我们认为，观察本身似乎在所有情况下是有效的，值得进一步研究。
英文摘要：
Since the dawn of telescopic astronomy astronomers have observed and measured the "spurious" telescopic disks of stars, generally reporting that brighter stars have larger disks than fainter stars. Early observers such as Galileo Galilei interpreted these disks as being the physical bodies of stars; later observers such as William Herschel understood them to be spurious; some, such as Christian Huygens, argued that stars show no disks at all. In the early 19th century George B. Airy produced a theoretical explanation of star images sufficient to explain all historical observations, but astronomers were slow to fully recognize this. Even today conventional wisdom concerning stars and telescopes stands at odds to both historical observations and Airy's theory. We give a detailed analysis of both historical observations and Airy's theory, illustrating how Airy's theory explains the historical observations, from Galileo to Huygens to Herschel. We argue that the observations themselves appear in all cases to be valid and worth further study.
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