We evaluate the polarization observables I^S and I^C for the reaction gamma p --> pi^0 eta p, using a chiral unitary framework developed earlier. The I^S and I^C observables have been recently measured for the first time by the CBELSA/TAPS collaboration. The theoretical predictions of I^S and I^C, given for altogether 18 angle dependent functions, are in good agreement with the measurements. Also, the asymmetry dSigma/dcos(theta) evaluated here agrees with the data. We show the importance of the Delta(1700)D33 resonance and its S-wave decay into eta Delta(1232). The result can be considered as a further confirmation of the dynamical nature of this resonance. At the highest energies, deviations of the predictions from the data start to become noticeable, which leaves room for additional processes and resonances such as a Delta(1940)D33. We also point out how to further improve the calculation.
The two-step model with pi-, rho- and omega- exchanges taken into account is applied to investigate the reactions pn -> d eta and pn -> d eta-prime. The existing experimental data on the reaction pn -> d eta are analysed and predictions for the cross section of the reaction pn -> d eta-prime are presented. It is found that pi- as well as rho exchange yield significant contributions in both reactions. The effect of the final state interaction is also studied.
The production rate for η' in pp ->pp η' at rest is calculated in a covariant one boson exchange model, previously applied to study pi^0 and ηproduction in NN collisions. The transition amplitudes for the elementary BN -> eta' N processes with B being the meson exchanged (B = pi, sigma, eta, rho, omega and delta) are taken to be the sum of s and u channels with a nucleon in the intermediate states, and a delta meson pole in a t-channel. The couplings of the eta' to hadrons are a factor 0.437 weaker than the respective eta-hadron couplings, as suggested by a quark model and a singlet-octetmixin…
We have investigated the 6Li(gamma,d) reaction theoretically for the formation of the eta'(958) mesic nucleus close to the recoilless kinematics. We have developed the theoretical formula and reported the quantitative results of the formation spectra for various cases in this article. We have found that the formation cross sections are reduced by the effects of the fragile deuteron form factor.
The contributions of three different types of driving terms are included in the estimation of the pd -> pd eta reaction at low energies. Near threshold, it is predicted that a two-step model involving an intermediate pion should be the most important but, as the energy approaches the threshold for eta production in the free nucleon--nucleon reaction, a pick-up mechanism with a spectator proton should become dominant. The total cross sections are underestimated by about a factor of two compared to experimental data but the discrepancies in the angular distributions are more serious, with no sig…
The applications of the consistently coupled Schwinger-Dyson and Bethe-Salpeter approach to the eta-eta' complex are extended to the two-photon transition form factors of eta and eta' for spacelike transferred momenta. We compare our predictions with experiment and some other theoretical approaches.
The coupled pi+N, eta+N, gamma+N systems are described by a K-matrix method. The parameters in this model are adjusted to get an optimal fit to pi+N -> pi+N, pi+N -> eta+N, gamma+N -> pi+N and gamma+N -> eta+N data in an energy range of about 100 MeV each side of the eta-threshold. The coupling of photons to the N(1535) state is extracted and also an alternative to the current S11(gamma+N -> pi+N) amplitudes suggested. Expansions are given for the eta-eta and gamma-eta amplitudes in terms of the eta-momentum. Effects of interference of this state with background potential interactions are disc…
Photoproduction of eta mesons from nucleons can provide valuable information about the excitation spectrum of the nucleons. The angular dependence of photoproduction in the photon-induced reaction is investigated in the multi-source thermal model. The results are compared with experimental data from the decay mode. They are in good agreement with the experimental data. It is shown that the movement factor increases linearly with the photon beam energies. And, the deformation and translation of emission sources are visually given in the formalism.
The recent high statistics measurement of the pp -> pp eta reaction at an excess energy Q=15.5 MeV has been analysed by means of partial wave decomposition of the cross section. Guided by the dominance of the final state 1S0 pp interaction (FSI), we keep only terms involving the FSI enhancement factor. The measured p-p and p-eta effective mass spectra can be well reproduced by lifting the standard on-shell approximation in the enhancement factor and by allowing for a linear energy dependence in the leading 3P0->1S0,s partial wave amplitude. Higher partial waves seem to play only a marginal rol…
Angular distributions in the final state of pi0-eta photoproduction on nucleons are considered. As a formal base the familiar isobar model is used in which the (pi0 eta N) state is a product of the resonance decay into eta-Delta(1232) and pi-S_{11}(1535) channels. One of the principal assumptions used is that in the actual energy region the reaction is dominated by a single resonance state. The developed formalism can serve as a tool for testing spin and parity of that resonance.
A model for the p d --> p d eta reaction published earlier, including the final state interaction (FSI) of all particles, is revisited to investigate the low energy data on this reaction. The three body problem of p-d-eta scattering in the final state is approximated in terms of pairwise interactions between the three particles in the final state. Apart from a comparison with some preliminary data, two new findings relevant to the near threshold data analysis are reported. The first one points toward the limitations of an FSI factor used conventionally to extract the eta-deuteron scattering le…
We investigate the rare radiative eta decay modes eta -> pi+ pi- gamma gamma and eta -> pi0 pi0 gamma gamma within the framework of chiral lagrangians at o(p^4) and present photon spectra for both processes.
We present a new, model-independent method to analyze radiative decays of mesons to a vector, isovector pair of pions of invariant mass square below the first significant pion-pion threshold in the vector channel. It is based on a combination of chiral perturbation theory and dispersion theory. This allows for a controlled inclusion of resonance physics without the necessity to involve vector meson dominance explicitly. As an example, the method is applied to an analysis of the reactions eta -> pi+ pi- gamma and eta'->pi+ pi- gamma.
The decays pi^0, eta, eta-prime -> gamma gamma are investigated up to next-to-next-to-leading order in the framework of the combined 1/N_c and chiral expansions. Without mixing of the pseudoscalar mesons the N_c independence of the pi^0 and eta decay amplitudes is shown to persist at the one-loop level, although the contribution of the Wess-Zumino-Witten term to the pertinent vertices is not canceled by the N_c dependent part of a Goldstone-Wilczek term. The decay amplitude of the singlet field, on the other hand, depends strongly on N_c and yields under the inclusion of mixing also a strong N…
A formalism for spin observables of the reaction $pd\to ~^3Heη$ is derived in a model independent way. The general case with a full set of six independent spin amplitudes is studied. Furthermore, approximations by five and four spin amplitudes are investigated in the near threshold region. This region is of great interest to search for a quasi-bound $^3He-η$ state, in particular, by measurement of energy dependence of relative phases of s- and p-wave amplitudes. Complete polarization experiments, allowing determination of spin amplitudes, are analyzed. It is shown that measurement of only anal…
The coupled eta-N, pi-N, gamma-N, 2pi-N system is described by a K-matrix method. The parameters in this model are adjusted to get an optimal fit to pi-N-->pi-N, pi-N-->eta-N, gamma-N-->pi-N and gamma-N-->eta-N data in an energy range of about 100 MeV or so each side of the eta-threshold. Compared with our earlier analysis, we now utilize recent Crystal Ball data. However, the outcome confirms our previous result that the eta-nucleon scattering length (a) is large with a value of 0.91(6)+i0.27(2) fm.
The production of $η$ mesons in $NN$ collisions in the near threshold region is analyzed with special emphasis on the role of final state interaction which is calculated using three-body scattering theory. The three-body aspects are shown to be very important in interpreting experimental results for the total cross section of $pp\toηpp$. Furthermore, energy spectra and angular distributions of the emitted particles are calculated and compared to experimental data.
The coupled eta-N, pi-N, gamma-N system is described by a K-matrix method. The parameters in this model are adjusted to get an optimal fit to pi-N --->pi- N$, pi-N --->eta-N$, gamma-N--->pi-N and gamma-N --->eta-N data in an energy range of about 100MeV or so each side of the eta threshold. The outcome is the appearance of two solutions one which has an eta-nucleon scattering length (a) of about 1.0 fm and a second with a~0.2fm. However, the second solution has an unconventional non-Lorentian form for the T-matrix in the region of the 1535(20)MeV and 1650(30)MeV S-wave pi-N resonances.
The production of $η$ and $η^\prime$ mesons in photon- and hadron-induced reactions are studied in a combined analysis based on an effective Lagrangian approach in order to learn about the relevant production mechanisms and the possible role of nucleon resonances in these reactions.
The claim that the light quark mass ratio (m_d - m_u)/m_s can be extracted from the decay width ratio Gamma(eta' -> pi^0 pi^+ pi^-)/Gamma(eta' -> eta pi^+ pi^-) is critically investigated within a U(3) chiral unitary framework. The influence of the recent VES data on the eta' -> eta pi^+ pi^- decay is also discussed.
A dynamical coupled-channels formalism is used to investigate the $η-$meson production mechanism on the proton induced by pions, in the total center-of-mass energy region from threshold up to 2 GeV. We show how and why studying exclusively total cross section data might turn out to be misleading in pinning down the reaction mechanism.
We investigate the decays eta, eta-prime --> pi^+ pi^- gamma up to next-to-leading order in the framework of the combined 1/N_c and chiral expansions. Counter terms of unnatural parity at next-to-leading order with unknown couplings are important to acommodate the results both to the experimental decay width and the photon spectrum. The presence of these coefficients does not allow for a determination of the number of colors from these decays.
Relativistic effects in a three-body calculation of the $np\toηd$ process are considered. Relativistic effects on the range and strength of the pion exchange contribution to the reaction mechanism may be large, but boost effects of the two-body interactions are negligible. The relativistic calculation confirms previous non-relativistic results, showing that the shape of the cross section near threshold is essentially determined by the $ηd$ final-state interaction alone. As for the region away from threshold, the relativistic pion exchange contribution is seen to dominate the other mechanisms o…
The p + 6Li --> eta + 7Be reaction has been investigated with an emphasis on the eta meson and 7Be interaction in the final state. Considering the 6Li and 7Be nuclei to be alpha-d and alpha-3He clusters respectively, the reaction is modelled to proceed via the p + d [alpha] --> 3He [α] + eta reaction with the alpha remaining a spectator. The eta meson interacts with 7Be via multiple scatterings on the 3He and alpha clusters inside 7Be. The individual eta-3He and eta-alpha scatterings are evaluated using few body equations for the eta-3N and eta-4N systems with a coupled channel eta-N interacti…
Within a chiral constituent quark model approach, $η$-meson production on the proton {\it via} electromagnetic and hadron probes are studied. With few parameters, differential cross-section and polarized beam asymmetry for γp \to ηp$ and differential cross section for $π^- p\to ηn$ processes are calculated and successfully compared with the data in the center-of-mass energy range from threshold up to 2 GeV. The five known resonances $S_{11}(1535)$, $S_{11}(1650)$, $P_{13}(1720)$, $D_{13}(1520)$, and $F_{15}(1680)$ are found to be dominant in the reaction mechanisms in both channels. Possible r…
A K-matrix formalism is used to relate the amplitudes for the three reactions pd --> 3He eta, pi- 3H --> 3He eta and pd --> 3H pi+. Free parameters are fitted to the available experimental data and an extrapolation below the eta 3He threshold is made to see the origin of the eta 3He threshold enhancement. The existence of a virtual -- and not a quasi-bound -- state finds support in the data. The K-matrix permits a discussion of eta-pi mixing. A mixing parameter of 0.010(5), i.e. a mixing angle theta =0.6(3) degrees, is extracted from a best fit to the very recent pd --> 3He pi0 reaction data.
We study the nuclear (or A) dependence of the coherent eta photoproduction reaction in a relativistic impulse approximation approach. We use a standard relativistic parameterization of the elementary amplitude, based on a set of four Lorentz- and gauge-invariant amplitudes, to calculate the coherent production cross section from He-4, C-12, and Ca-40. In contrast to nonrelativistic treatments, our approach maintains the full relativistic structure of the process. The nuclear structure affects the process through the ground-state tensor density. This density is sensitive to relativistic effects…
We have investigated the 6Li(gamma, d) reaction theoretically for the formation of the eta'(958) mesic nucleus. We have reported the numerical results in this article.
Using a chiral unitary approach for meson-baryon scattering in the strangeness zero sector, where the $N^*(1535)$ and $Δ^*(1700)$ resonances are dynamically generated, we study the reactions $γp \to π^0 ηp$ and $γp \to π^0 K^0 Σ^+$ at photon energies at which the final states are produced close to threshold. Among several reaction mechanisms, we find the most important is the excitation of the $Δ^*(1700)$ state which subsequently decays into a pseudoscalar meson and the $N^*(1535)$. Hence, the reaction provides useful information with which to test current theories of the dynamical generation …
We calculate formation spectra of eta-nucleus systems in (pi,N) reactions with nuclear targets, which can be performed at existing and/or forthcoming facilities, including J-PARC, in order to investigate eta-nucleus interactions. Based on the N^*(1535) dominance in the eta N system, eta-mesic nuclei are suitable systems for study of in-medium properties of the N^*(1535) baryon resonance, such as reduction of the mass difference of N and N^* in nuclear medium, which affects level structure of the eta and N^*-hole modes. We find that clear information on the in-medium N^*- and eta-nucleus intera…
We calculate theoretically the formation spectra of eta'(958)-nucleus systems in the (p,d) reaction for the investigation of the in-medium modification of the eta' mass. We show the comprehensive numerical calculations based on a simple form of the eta' optical potential in nuclei with various potential depths. We conclude that one finds an evidence of possible attractive interaction between eta' and nucleus as peak structure appearing around the eta' threshold in light nuclei such as 11C when the attractive potential is stronger than 100 MeV and the absorption width is of order of 40 MeV or l…
The production of eta' mesons in photon- and hadron-induced reactions has been revisited in view of the recent additions of high-precision data to the world data base. Based on an effective Lagrangian approach, we have performed a combined analysis of the free and quasi-free gamma N -> eta' N, N N -> N N eta', and pi N -> eta' N reactions. Considering spin-1/2 and -3/2 resonances, we found that a set of above-threshold resonances {S_{11}, P_{11}, P_{13}}, with fitted mass values of about M_R=1925, 2130, and 2050 MeV, respectively, and the four-star sub-threshold P_{13}(1720) resonance reproduc…
The knowledge of the nuclear matrix elements for the neutrinoless double beta decay is fundamental for neutrino physics. In this paper, an innovative technique to extract information on the nuclear matrix elements by measuring the cross section of a double charge exchange nuclear reaction is proposed. The basic point is that the initial and final state wave functions in the two processes are the same and the transition operators are similar. The double charge exchange cross sections can be factorized in a nuclear structure term containing the matrix elements and a nuclear reaction factor. Firs…
A novel method is proposed to measure eta'(958) meson bound states in 11C nuclei by missing mass spectroscopy of the 12C(p,d) reaction near the eta' production threshold. It is shown that peak structures will be observed experimentally in an inclusive measurement in case that the in-medium eta' mass reduction is sufficiently large and that the decay width of eta' mesic states is narrow enough. Such a measurement will be feasible with the intense proton beam supplied by the SIS synchrotron at GSI combined with the good energy resolution of the fragment separator FRS.
In this paper we present the fit to the recent high-statistical KLOE data on the phi -> eta pi^0 gamma decay. This decay mainly goes through the a_0 gamma intermediate state. The obtained results differ from those of the previous fits: data prefer a high a_0 mass and a considerably large a_0 coupling to the K\bar K}.
Extending our earlier treatments of pi0, eta_c and eta_b, we study the eta-eta' system and its gamma-gamma decays using a model which is a leading version of the consistently coupled Schwinger-Dyson (SD) and Bethe-Salpeter (BS) approach. The electromagnetic interactions are incorporated through a (generalized) impulse approximation consistent with this bound-state approach, so that the Ward-Takahashi identities of QED are preserved when quarks are dynamically dressed. To overcome some of the limitations due to the ladder approximation, we introduce a minimal extension to the bound--state appro…
The local-duality formulation of QCD sum rules allows for the prediction of hadronic form factors without knowledge of the subtle details of their structure. With the aid of this formalism, we take a fresh look at the behaviours of the charged-pion elastic form factor and of the form factors entering in the transitions of the ground-state neutral unflavoured pseudoscalar mesons pi^0, eta, eta' to one real and one virtual photon within a broad range of momentum transfers Q^2. The uncertainties induced by the approximations inherent to this local-duality approach are estimated by studying, in pa…
We study interference patterns in the phi -> gamma a0 + pi0 rho -> gamma pi eta and phi -> gamma f0 + pi0 rho -> gamma pi0 pi0 reactions. Taking into account the interference, we fit the experimental data and show that the background reaction does not distort the pi0eta spectrum in the decay phi -> gamma pi eta everywhere over the energy region and does not distort the pi0 pi0 spectrum in the decay phi -> gamma pi0 pi0 when the invariant mass m_{pi0 pi0} > 670 MeV. We discuss the details of the scalar meson production in the radiative decays and note that there are conclusive arguments in favo…
Using a relativistic transport model ART1.0, we explore effects of nuclear symmetry energy on eta meson production and its rare decay to the dark U-boson in heavy-ion reactions from 0.2 to 10 GeV/nucleon available at several current and future facilities. The yield of eta mesons at sub-threshold energies is found to be very sensitive to the density dependence of nuclear symmetry energy. Above a beam energy of about 5 GeV/nucleon in Au+Au reactions, the sensitivity to symmetry energy disappears. Using the branching ratio of the rare eta decay (eta->gamma U) available in the literature, we estim…
We study kaon-charmonium and eta-charmonium dissociation reactions. The K-charmonium dissociation and the eta-charmonium dissociation include 27 reactions. Cross sections for the reactions are calculated in the Born approximation, in the quark-interchange mechanism and with a temperature-dependent quark potential. The temperature dependence of peak cross sections of endothermic reactions is linked to the temperature dependence of quark-antiquark relative-motion wave functions, meson masses and the quark potential. Although the eta meson and kaon have similar masses, the energy and temperature …
For the spacelike momenta k of the virtual photon gamma^*, the pi^0(p) gamma^*(k) gamma(k') transition form factor is considered in the coupled Schwinger-Dyson and Bethe-Salpeter approach in conjunction with the generalized impulse approximation using the dressed quark-photon-quark vertices of the Ball-Chiu and Curtis-Pennington type. These form factors are compared with the ones predicted by the vector meson dominance, operator product expansion, QCD sum rules, and the perturbative QCD for the large spacelike transferred momenta k. The most important qualitative feature of the asymptotic beha…
We consider the reaction g+d -> pi+d in a wide energy range around and above the eta-meson photoproduction threshold at backward CM angles of the outgoing pion. Our theoretical analysis is essentially motivated by the recent measurements of the CLAS Collaboration at Jefferson Lab, where this kinematical region of the reaction has been thoroughly studied for the first time and a cusps in the energy dependence of the differential cross section in the region of Eg = 600-800 MeV has been observed. Our preliminary and qualitative analysis, based on single- and double-scattering diagrams, shows that…
The $ηN$ final state is isospin-selective and thus provides access to the spectrum of excited nucleons without being affected by excited $Δ$ states. To this end, the world database on eta photoproduction off the proton up to a center-of-mass energy of $E\sim 2.3$ GeV is analyzed, including data on differential cross sections, and single and double polarization observables. The resonance spectrum and its properties are determined in a combined analysis of eta and pion photoproduction off the proton together with the reactions $πN\to πN$, $ηN$, $KΛ$ and $KΣ$. For the analysis, the so-called Jüli…
The low $Q^2$ slopes of the the transition form factors provide a unique method to measure the sizes of the neutral pseudo-scalar mesons, since they do not have electromagnetic form factors. From the slope one obtains the "axial transition RMS radius" $ R_{PS,A} = \sqrt{<r^2>}$ for each PS meson. The present status of theory and experiment for these quantities are presented. A comparison of the $ R_{PS,A}$ is presented along with the electromagnetic and scalar radii of the $π^{\pm}$ mesons and the proton. We observe the striking similarity of the values of axial transition radii of all of the …
Elastic piN scattering and the world data of the family of reactions pi^- p --> eta n, K^0 Lambda$, K^0 Sigma^0, K^+ Sigma^-, and pi^+ p --> K^+ Sigma^+ are described simultaneously in an analytic, unitary, coupled-channel approach. SU(3) flavor symmetry is used to relate both the t- and the u- channel exchanges that drive the meson-baryon interaction in the different channels. Angular distributions, polarizations, and spin-rotation parameters are compared with available experimental data. Partial-wave amplitudes are determined and the resonance content is extracted from the analytic continuat…
