We prove that any finite set of half-planes can be colored by two colors so that every point of the plane, which belongs to at least three half-planes in the set, is covered by half-planes of both colors. This settles a problem of Keszegh.
Steingrimsson's coloring complex and Jonsson's unipolar complex are interpreted in terms of hyperplane arrangements. This viewpoint leads to short proofs that all coloring complexes and a large class of unipolar complexes have convex ear decompositions. These convex ear decompositions impose strong new restrictions on the chromatic polynomials of all finite graphs. Similar results are obtained for characteristic polynomials of submatroids of type B_n arrangements.
We show that the lines of every arrangement of $n$ lines in the plane can be colored with $O(\sqrt{n/ \log n})$ colors such that no face of the arrangement is monochromatic. This improves a bound of Bose et al. \cite{BCC12} by a $Θ(\sqrt{\log n})$ factor. Any further improvement on this bound will improve the best known lower bound on the following problem of Erdős: Estimate the maximum number of points in general position within a set of $n$ points containing no four collinear points.
We extend the work of Hanlon on the chromatic polynomial of an unlabeled graph to define the unlabeled chromatic polynomial of an unlabeled signed graph. Explicit formulas are presented for labeled and unlabeled signed chromatic polynomials as summations over distinguished order-ideals of the signed partition lattice. We also define the quotient of a signed graph by a signed permutation, and show that its signed graphic arrangement is closely related to an induced arrangement on a distinguished subspace. Lastly, a formula for the number of unlabeled acyclic orientations of a signed graph is pr…
Felsner, Hurtado, Noy and Streinu (2000) conjectured that arrangement graphs of simple great-circle arrangements have chromatic number at most $3$. Motivated by this conjecture, we study the colorability of arrangement graphs for different classes of arrangements of (pseudo-)circles. In this paper the conjecture is verified for $\triangle$-saturated pseudocircle arrangements, i.e., for arrangements where one color class of the 2-coloring of faces consists of triangles only, as well as for further classes of (pseudo-)circle arrangements. These results are complemented by a construction which ma…
We investigate the relationship between two kinds of vertex colorings of hypergraphs: unique-maximum colorings and conflict-free colorings. In a unique-maximum coloring, the colors are ordered, and in every hyperedge of the hypergraph the maximum color appears only once. In a conflict-free coloring, in every hyperedge of the hypergraph there is a color that appears only once. We define corresponding unique-maximum and conflict-free chromatic numbers and investigate their relationship in arbitrary hypergraphs. Then, we concentrate on hypergraphs that are induced by simple paths in tree graphs.
Let $t\geqslant 2$ and $s\geqslant 1$ be two integers. Define a $(t,s)$-coloring of a hypergraph to be a coloring of its vertices using $t$ colors such that each color appears on each edge at least $s$ times. In this note, we provide a sufficient condition for the existence of a $(t,s)$-coloring of a hypergraph by using the symmetric lopsided version of Lovász Local Lemma. Our result generalizes several known results on hypergraph colorings.
We suggest a new method on coloring generalized Kneser graphs based on hypergraphs with high discrepancy and small number of edges. The main result is providing a proper coloring of K(n, n/2-t, s) in (4 + o(1))(s + t)^2 colors, which is produced by Hadamard matrices. Also, we show that for colorings by independent set of a natural type, this result is the best possible up to a multiplicative constant. Our method extends to Kneser hypergraphs as well.
We deal with an extremal problem concerning panchromatic colorings of hypergraphs. A vertex $r$-coloring of a hypergraph $H$ is \emph{panchromatic} if every edge meets every color. We prove that for every $3<r\leq\sqrt[3]{n/(100\ln n)}$, every $n$-uniform hypergraph $H$ with $|E(H)|\leq \frac{1}{20r^2}\left(\frac{n}{\ln n}\right)^{\frac {r-1}{r}}\left(\frac{r}{r-1}\right)^{n-1}$ has a panchromatic coloring with $r$ colors.
Let $\mathcal{H}$ be a hypergraph of maximal vertex degree $Δ$, such that each its hyperedge contains at least $δ$ vertices. Let $k=\lceil\frac{2Δ}δ\rceil$. We prove that (i) The hypergraph $\mathcal{H}$ admits proper vertex coloring in $k+1$ colors. (ii) The hypergraph $\mathcal{H}$ admits proper vertex coloring in $k$ colors, if $δ\ge 3$ and $k\ge 3$. As a consequence of these results we derive upper bounds on the number of colors in dynamic colorings.
We consider the following type of question: Given a partial proper $d$-edge coloring of the $d$-dimensional hypercube $Q_d$, and lists of allowed colors for the non-colored edges of $Q_d$,can we extend the partial coloring to a proper $d$-edge coloring using only colors from the lists? We prove that this question has a positive answer in the case when both the partial coloring and the color lists satisfy certain sparsity conditions.
A hypergraph is 2-intersecting if any two edges intersect in at least two vertices. Blais, Weinstein and Yoshida asked (as a first step to a more general problem) whether every 2-intersecting hypergraph has a vertex coloring with a constant number of colors so that each hyperedge e has at least min{|e|,3} colors. We show that there is such a coloring with at most 5 colors (which is best possible).
The paper deals with an extremal problem concerning equitable colorings of uniform hyper\-graph. Recall that a vertex coloring of a hypergraph $H$ is called proper if there are no monochro-matic edges under this coloring. A hypergraph is said to be equitably $r$-colorable if there is a proper coloring with $r$ colors such that the sizes of any two color classes differ by at most one. In the present paper we prove that if the number of edges $|E(H)|\leq 0.01\left(\frac{n}{\ln n}\right)^{\frac {r-1}{r}}r^{n-1}$ then the hypergraph $H$ is equitably $r$-colorable provided $r<\sqrt[5]{\ln n}$.
The goal of this paper is to give a new, abstract approach to cover-decomposition and polychromatic colorings using hypergraphs on ordered vertex sets. We introduce an abstract version of a framework by Smorodinsky and Yuditsky, used for polychromatic coloring halfplanes, and apply it to so-called ABA-free hypergraphs, which are a generalization of interval graphs. Using our methods, we prove that (2k-1)-uniform ABA-free hypergraphs have a polychromatic k-coloring, a problem posed by the second author. We also prove the same for hypergraphs defined on a point set by pseudohalfplanes. These res…
The aim of this paper is to generalize the notion of the coloring complex of a graph to hypergraphs. We present three different interpretations of those complexes -- a purely combinatorial one and two geometric ones. It is shown, that most of the properties, which are known to be true for coloring complexes of graphs, break down in this more general setting, e.g., Cohen-Macaulayness and partitionabilty. Nevertheless, we are able to provide bounds for the $f$- and $h$-vectors of those complexes which yield new bounds on chromatic polynomials of hypergraphs. Moreover, it is shown that the colori…
Given a simplicial hyperplane arrangement H and a subspace arrangement A embedded in H, we define a simplicial complex Delta_{A,H} as the subdivision of the link of A induced by H. In particular, this generalizes Steingrimsson's coloring complex of a graph. We do the following: (1) When A is a hyperplane arrangement, Delta_{A,H} is shown to be shellable. As a special case, we answer affirmatively a question of Steingrimsson on coloring complexes. (2) For H being a Coxeter arrangement of type A or B we obtain a close connection between the Hilbert series of the Stanley-Reisner ring of Delta_{A,…
Phil Hanlon proved that the coefficients of the chromatic polynomial of a graph G are equal (up to sign) to the dimensions of the summands in a Hodge-type decomposition of the top homology of the coloring complex for G. We prove a type B analogue of this result for chromatic polynomials of signed graphs using hyperoctahedral Eulerian idempotents.
Under study are the eigenfunctions and perfect colorings of the graph of $n$-dimensional $q$-ary Hamming space. We obtain the interdependence of local distributions of an eigenfunction in two orthogonal faces. We prove also an analogous result for perfect colorings.
Given a subgraph G of the hypercube Q_n, a coloring of the edges of Q_n such that every embedding of G contains an edge of every color is called a G-polychromatic coloring. The maximum number of colors with which it is possible to G-polychromatically color the edges of any hypercube is called the polychromatic number of G. To determine polychromatic numbers, it is only necessary to consider a structured class of colorings, which we call simple. The main tool for finding upper bounds on polychromatic numbers is to translate the question of polychromatically coloring the hypercube so every embed…
A clique-coloring of a graph $G$ is a coloring of the vertices of $G$ so that no maximal clique of size at least two is monochromatic. The clique-hypergraph, $\mathcal{H}(G)$, of a graph $G$ has $V(G)$ as its set of vertices and the maximal cliques of $G$ as its hyperedges. A (vertex) coloring of $\mathcal{H}(G)$ is a clique-coloring of $G$. The clique-chromatic number of $G$ is the least number of colors for which $G$ admits a clique-coloring. Every planar graph has been proved to be 3-clique-colorable (Electr. J. Combin. 6 (1999), \#R26). Recently, we showed that every claw-free planar graph…
We consider the problem of extending and avoiding partial edge colorings of hypercubes; that is, given a partial edge coloring $φ$ of the $d$-dimensional hypercube $Q_d$, we are interested in whether there is a proper $d$-edge coloring of $Q_d$ that agrees with the coloring $φ$ on every edge that is colored under $φ$; or, similarly, if there is a proper $d$-edge coloring that disagrees with $φ$ on every edge that is colored under $φ$. In particular, we prove that for any $d\geq 1$, if $φ$ is a partial $d$-edge coloring of $Q_d$, then $φ$ is avoidable if every color appears on at most $d/8$ edg…
The paper deals with an extremal problem concerning colorings of hypergraphs with bounded edge degrees. Consider the family of $b$-simple hypergraphs, in which any two edges do not share more than $b$ common vertices. We prove that for $n\geqslant n_0(b)$, any $n$-uniform $b$-simple hypergraph with the maximum edge degree at most $c\cdot nr^{n-b}$ is $r$-colorable, where $c>0$ is an absolute constant. We also establish some applications of the main result.
Motivated by the analogous questions in graphs, we study the complexity of coloring and stable set problems in hypergraphs with forbidden substructures and bounded edge size. Letting $ν(G)$ denote the maximum size of a matching in $H$, we obtain complete dichotomies for the complexity of the following problems parametrized by fixed $r, k, s \in \mathbb{N}$: $r$-Coloring in hypergraphs $G$ with edge size at most $k$ and $ν(G) \leq s$; $r$-Precoloring Extension in $k$-uniform hypergraphs $G$ with $ν(G) \leq s$; $r$-Precoloring Extension in hypergraphs $G$ with edge size at most $k$ and $ν(G) \le…
The Tutte polynomial is originally a bivariate polynomial which enumerates the colorings of a graph and of its dual graph. Ardila extended in 2007 the definition of the Tutte polynomial on the real hyperplane arrangements. He particularly computed the Tutte polynomials of the hyperplane arrangements associated to the classical Weyl groups. Those associated to the exceptional Weyl groups were computed by De Concini and Procesi one year later. This article has two objectives: On one side, we extend the Tutte polynomial computing to the complex hyperplane arrangements. On the other side, we intro…
In this paper, we continue the study of $2$-colorings in hypergraphs. A hypergraph is $2$-colorable if there is a $2$-coloring of the vertices with no monochromatic hyperedge. It is known (see Thomassen [J. Amer. Math. Soc. 5 (1992), 217--229]) that every $4$-uniform $4$-regular hypergraph is $2$-colorable. Our main result in this paper is a strengthening of this result. For this purpose, we define a vertex in a hypergraph $H$ to be a free vertex in $H$ if we can $2$-color $V(H) \setminus \{v\}$ such that every hyperedge in $H$ contains vertices of both colors (where $v$ has no color). We prov…
Institut für Mathematik, Technische Universität Berlin(柏林工业大学数学研究所);HUN-REN Alfréd Rényi Institute of Mathematics and ELTE Eötvös Loránd University(匈牙利科学院阿尔弗雷德·雷尼数学研究所和布达佩斯罗兰大学)
We give a formula for computing the characteristic polynomial for certain hyperplane arrangements in terms of the number of bipartite graphs of given rank and cardinality.
Every subarrangement of Weyl arrangements of type $ B_{\ell} $ is represented by a signed graph. Edelman and Reiner characterized freeness of subarrangements between type $ A_{\ell-1} $ and type $ B_{\ell} $ in terms of graphs. Recently, Suyama and the authors characterized freeness for subarrangements containing Boolean arrangements satisfying a certain condition. This article is a sequel to the previous work. Namely, we give a complete characterization for freeness of arrangements between Boolean arrangements and Weyl arrangements of type $ B_{\ell} $ in terms of graphs.
The set of chambers of a real hyperplane arrangement may be ordered by separation from some fixed chamber. When this poset is a lattice, Bjorner, Edelman, and Ziegler proved that the chambers are in natural bijection with the biconvex sets of the arrangement. Two families of examples of arrangements with a lattice of chambers are simplicial and supersolvable arrangements. For these arrangements, we prove that the chambers correspond to biclosed sets, a weakening of the biconvex property.
The Tutte polynomial is a fundamental invariant associated to a graph, matroid, vector arrangement, or hyperplane arrangement. This short survey focuses on some of the most important results on Tutte polynomials of hyperplane arrangements. We show that many enumerative, algebraic, geometric, and topological invariants of a hyperplane arrangement can be expressed in terms of its Tutte polynomial. We also show that, even if one is only interested in computing the Tutte polynomial of a graph or a matroid, the theory of hyperplane arrangements provides a powerful finite field method for this compu…
We investigate arrangements of hyperplanes whose normal vectors are given by connected subgraphs of a fixed graph. These include the resonance arrangement and certain ideal subarrangements of Weyl arrangements. We characterize those which are free, simplicial, factored, or supersolvable. In particular, such an arrangement is free if and only if the graph is a cycle, a path, an almost path, or a path with a triangle attached to it.
In this article, we study freeness of hyperplane arrangements. One of the most investigated arrangement is a graphic arrangement. Stanley proved that a graphic arrangement is free if and only if the corresponding graph is chordal and Dirac showed that a graph is chordal if and only if the graph is obtained by "gluing" complete graphs. We will generalize Dirac's construction to simple matroids with modular joins introduced by Ziegler and show that every arrangement whose associated matroid is constructed in the manner mentioned above is divisionally free. Moreover, we apply the result to arrang…
We prove that for any finite real hyperplane arrangement the average projection volumes of the maximal cones is given by the coefficients of the characteristic polynomial of the arrangement. This settles the conjecture of Drton and Klivans that this held for all finite real reflection arrangements. The methods used are geometric and combinatorial. As a consequence we determine that the angle sums of a zonotope are given by the characteristic polynomial of the order dual of the intersection lattice of the arrangement.
We give a complete formula for the characteristic polynomial of hyperplane arrangements $\mathcal J_n$ consisting of the hyperplanes $x_i+x_j=1$, $x_k=0$, $x_l=1$, $ 1\leq i, j, k, l\leq n$. The formula is obtained by associating hyperplane arrangements with graphs, and then enumerating central graphs via generating functions for the number of bipartite graphs of given order, size and number of connected components.
In order to solve a question on list coloring of planar graphs, Dvořák and Postle introduced the concept of so called DP-coloring, thereby extending the concept of list-coloring. DP-coloring was anaylized in detail by Bernshteyn, Kostochka, and Pron for graphs and multigraphs; they characterized DP-degree colorable multigraphs and deduced a Brooks' type result from this. The characterization of the corresponding 'bad' covers was later given by Kim and Ozeki. In this paper, the concept of DP-colorings is extended to hypergraphs having multiple (hyper-)edges. We characterize the DP-degree colora…
Let $c$ be an edge-coloring of the complete $n$-vertex graph $K_n$. The problem of finding properly colored and rainbow Hamilton cycles in $c$ was initiated in 1976 by Bollobás and Erd\H os and has been extensively studied since then. Recently it was extended to the hypergraph setting by Dudek, Frieze and Ruciński. We generalize these results, giving sufficient local (resp. global) restrictions on the colorings which guarantee a properly colored (resp. rainbow) copy of a given hypergraph $G$. We also study multipartite analogues of these questions. We give (up to a constant factor) optimal suf…
We show new bijective proofs of previously known formulas for the number of regions of some deformations of the braid arrangement, by means of a bijection between the no-broken-circuit sets of the corresponding integral gain graphs and some kinds of labelled binary trees. This leads to new bijective proofs for the Shi, Catalan, and similar hyperplane arrangements.
We exhibit a one-to-one correspondence between $3$-colored graphs and subarrangements of certain hyperplane arrangements denoted $\mathcal J_n$, $n \in \mathbb N$. We define the notion of centrality of $3$-colored graphs which corresponds to the centrality of hyperplane arrangements. Via the correspondence, the characteristic polynomial $χ_{\mathcal J_n}$ of $\mathcal J_n$ can be expressed in terms of the number of central $3$-colored graphs, and we compute $χ_{\mathcal J_n}$ for $n = 2, 3$.
Conflict-free coloring is a kind of vertex coloring of hypergraphs requiring each hyperedge to have a color which appears only on one vertex. More generally, for a positive integer $k$ there are $k$-conflict-free colorings ($k$-CF-colorings for short) and $k$-strong-conflict-free colorings ($k$-SCF-colorings for short). %for some positive integer $k$. Let $H_n$ be the hypergraph of which the vertex-set is $V_n=\{1,2,\dots,n\}$ and the hyperedge-set $\cal{E}_n$ is the set of all (non-empty) subsets of $V_n$ consisting of consecutive elements of $V_n$. Firstly, we study the $k$-SCF-coloring of $…
We prove that the intersection hypergraph of a family of $n$ pseudo-disks with respect to another family of pseudo-disks admits a proper coloring with $4$ colors and a conflict-free coloring with $O(\log n)$ colors. Along the way we prove that the respective Delaunay-graph is planar. We also prove that the intersection hypergraph of a family of $n$ regions with linear union complexity with respect to a family of pseudo-disks admits a proper coloring with constantly many colors and a conflict-free coloring with $O(\log n)$ colors. Our results serve as a common generalization and strengthening o…
We consider geometric hypergraphs whose vertex set is a finite set of points (e.g., in the plane), and whose hyperedges are the intersections of this set with a family of geometric regions (e.g., axis-parallel rectangles). A typical coloring problem for such geometric hypergraphs asks, given an integer $k$, for the existence of an integer $m=m(k)$, such that every set of points can be $k$-colored such that every hyperedge of size at least $m$ contains points of different (or all $k$) colors. We generalize this notion by introducing coloring of \emph{$t$-subsets} of points such that every hyper…
We reprove the results on the hardness of approximating hypergraph coloring using a different technique based on bounds on the size of extremal $t$-agreeing families of $[q]^n$. Specifically, using theorems of Frankl-Tokushige [FT99], Ahlswede-Khachatrian [AK98] and Frankl [F76] on the size of such families, we give simple and unified proofs of quasi NP-hardness of the following problems: $\bullet$ coloring a $3$ colorable $4$-uniform hypergraph with $(\log n)^δ$ many colors $\bullet$ coloring a $3$ colorable $3$-uniform hypergraph with $\tilde{O}(\sqrt{\log \log n})$ many colors $\bullet$ col…
A total coloring of a graph $G$ is a coloring of its vertices and edges such that no adjacent vertices, edges, and no incident vertices and edges obtain the same color. An interval total $t$-coloring of a graph $G$ is a total coloring of $G$ with colors $1,\ldots,t$ such that all colors are used, and the edges incident to each vertex $v$ together with $v$ are colored by $d_{G}(v)+1$ consecutive colors, where $d_{G}(v)$ is the degree of a vertex $v$ in $G$. In this paper we prove that all complete multipartite graphs with the same number of vertices in each part are interval total colorable. Mo…
The paper deals with extremal problems concerning colorings of hypergraphs. By using a random recoloring algorithm we show that any $n$-uniform simple (i.e. every two distinct edges share at most one vertex) hypergraph $H$ with maximum edge degree at most \[ Δ(H)\leq c\cdot nr^{n-1}, \] is $r$-colorable, where $c>0$ is an absolute constant. %We prove also that similar result holds for $b$-simple hypergraphs. As an application of our proof technique we establish a new lower bound for Van der Waerden number $W(n,r)$, the minimum $N$ such that in any $r$-coloring of the set $\{1,...,N\}$ there ex…
We prove that the topological complexity of (a motion planning algorithm on) the complement of generic complex essential hyperplane arrangement of $n$ hyperplanes in an $r$-dimensional linear space is min$\{n+1,2r\}$.
Let $m^*(n)$ be the minimum number of edges in an $n$-uniform simple hypergraph that is not two colorable. We prove that $m^*(n)=Ω(4^n/\ln^2(n))$. Our result generalizes to $r$-coloring of $b$-simple uniform hypergraphs. For fixed $r$ and $b$ we prove that a maximum vertex degree in $b$-simple $n$-uniform hypergraph that is not $r$-colorable must be $Ω(r^n /\ln(n))$. By trimming arguments it implies that every such graph has $Ω((r^n /\ln(n))^{b+1/b})$ edges. For any fixed $r \geq 2$ our techniques yield also a lower bound $Ω(r^n/\ln(n))$ for van der Waerden numbers $W(n,r)$.
We consider the polychromatic coloring problems for unions of two or more geometric hypergraphs on the same vertex sets of points in the plane. We show, inter alia, that the union of bottomless rectangles and horizontal strips does in general not allow for polychromatic colorings. This strengthens the corresponding result of Chen, Pach, Szegedy, and Tardos [Random Struct. Algorithms, 34:11-23, 2009] for axis-aligned rectangles, and gives the first explicit (not randomized) construction of non-$2$-colorable hypergraphs defined by axis-parallel rectangles of arbitrarily large uniformity.
We study the problem of constructing a (near) uniform random proper $q$-coloring of a simple $k$-uniform hypergraph with $n$ vertices and maximum degree $Δ$. (Proper in that no edge is mono-colored and simple in that two edges have maximum intersection of size one). We show that if $q\geq \max\{C_k\log n,500k^3Δ^{1/(k-1)}\}$ then the Glauber Dynamics will become close to uniform in $O(n\log n)$ time, given a random (improper) start. This improves on the results in Frieze and Melsted [5].