D. S. Simon, A. V. Sergienko
A new type of confocal microscope is described which makes use of intensity correlations between spatially correlated beams of light. It is shown that this apparatus leads to significantly improved transverse resolution.
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A recently introduced two-channel confocal microscope with correlated detection promises up to 50% improvement in transverse spatial resolution [Simon, Sergienko, Optics Express {\bf 18}, 9765 (2010)] via the use of photon correlations. Here we achieve similar results in a different manner, introducing a triple-confocal correlated microscope which exploits the correlations present in optical parametric amplifiers. It is based on tight focusing of pump radiation onto a thin sample positioned in front of a nonlinear crystal, followed by coincidence detection of signal and idler photons, each foc…
Long Rayleigh length confocal microscope: A fast evaluation tool for obtaining quantum properties of color centers
本文提出一种长瑞利长度共聚焦显微镜系统（LRCFM），用于快速、大面积表征宽禁带半导体中色心的量子特性，以支持量子传感器件开发。
A low-cost confocal microscope for the undergraduate lab
本研究设计了一种由市售产品搭配3D打印柔性载物台搭建的低成本共聚焦显微镜，通过厚度与表面形貌实验验证其性能，可用于本科物理教学以展示共聚焦显微镜的核心原理。
Design of a quantum diamond microscope with efficient scanning confocal readout
本文提出光片共焦量子金刚石显微镜（LC-QDM），结合光片照明与激光扫描共焦技术，利用金刚石氮空位缺陷实现高分辨率高速3D量子传感，无需薄NV层芯片，在激光功率受限场景下性能优势显著。
One-shot full-field surface profilometry using digital diffractive-confocal imaging correlation microscope based on digital micromirror device is developed for one-shot microscopic 3D surface measurement. Optical configuration applies confocal microscope setup and was building on DMD to generate specific pinhole array arrangement for minimizing cross talk effect. An innovative method was invented to create normalized cross correlation depth response curve from diffraction patterns of the pinhole. Using this approach, the sub-micrometer scale depth can be detected with high accuracy and precisi…
Confocal microscopy is the standard approach for obtaining volumetric images of a sample with high axial and lateral resolution, especially when dealing with scattering samples. Unfortunately, a confocal microscope is quite expensive compared to traditional microscopes. In addition, the point scanning in a confocal leads to slow imaging speed and photobleaching due to the high dose of laser energy. In this paper, we demonstrate how the advances in machine learning can be exploited to "teach" a traditional wide-field microscope, one that's available in every lab, into producing 3D volumetric im…
We consider the numerical optimization of performance for a computational extension of a confocal microscope. Using a system where the pinhole detector is replaced with a detector array, we seek to exploit this additional information for each point in the scan. We derive an optimal estimate of the light at focus which minimizes the contribution of out-of-focus light. We estimate the amount of improvement that would be theoretically possible in point-scanning and line-scanning systems and demonstrate with simulation. We find that even with a large degree of regularization, a significant improve…
Scanning laser confocal holographic microscopy using a spatial heterodyne detection method is presented. Spatial heterodyne detection technique employs a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with the reference beam frequency shifted by two acousto-optic modulators (AOM) relative to the object beam frequency. Different from the traditional temporal heterodyne detection technique in which hundreds temporal samples are taken at each scanning point to achieve the complex signal, the spatial heterodyne detection technique generates spatial interference fringes by use of a linear tempo-spatial relation provi…
We present the design and operation of a fiber-based cryogenic confocal microscope. It is designed as a compact cold-finger that fits inside the bore of a superconducting magnet, and which is a modular unit that can be easily swapped between use in a dilution refrigerator and other cryostats. We aimed at application in quantum optical experiments with electron spins in semiconductors and the design has been optimized for driving with, and detection of optical fields with well-defined polarizations. This was implemented with optical access via a polarization maintaining fiber together with Voig…
Spatial resolution is one of the most important specifications of an imaging system. Recent results in quantum parameter estimation theory reveal that an arbitrarily small distance between two incoherent point sources can always be efficiently determined through the use of a spatial mode sorter. However, extending this procedure to a general object consisting of many incoherent point sources remains challenging, due to the intrinsic complexity of multi-parameter estimation problems. Here, we generalize the Richardson-Lucy (RL) deconvolution algorithm to address this challenge. We simulate its …
A high-cooperativity confocal cavity QED microscope
本研究展示共焦腔QED显微镜可实现超过110的协同性，与最佳单模腔相当，并提供1.7微米成像分辨率，通过超辐射阈值测量验证，理论揭示近简并模式色散耦合增强协同性。
Synchronization-based image reconstruction for three-dimensional wide-field confocal imaging of periodically moving objects beyond the frame rate
该研究提出了一种基于同步的图像重建方法，用于三维宽场共聚焦成像中周期性移动物体的超帧率成像，通过同步方案实现一致的初始相位对齐，无需额外硬件即可提升共聚焦成像在生物和软物质系统中的应用能力。
We present a new flexible high speed laser scanning confocal microscope and its extension by an astigmatism particle tracking device (APTV). Many standard confocal microscopes use either a single laser beam to scan the sample at relatively low overall frame rate, or many laser beam to simultaneously scan the sample and achieve a high overall frame rate. Single-laser-beam confocal microscope often use a point detector to acquire the image. To achieve high overall frame rates, we use, next to the standard 2D probe scanning unit, a second 2D scan unit projecting the image directly on a 2D CCD-sen…
We demonstrate sub-wavelength sectioning on biological samples with a conventional confocal microscope. This optical sectioning is achieved by the phenomenon of supercritical angle fuorescence, wherein only a fluorophore next to the interface of a refractive index discontinuity can emit propagating components of radiation into the so-called forbidden angles. The simplicity of this technique allows it to be integrated with a high numerical aperture confocal scanning microscope by only a simple modification on the detection channel. Confocal-SAF microscopy would be a powerful tool to achieve hig…
Confocal imaging from biphoton correlations
本文利用纠缠双光子空间关联实现无针孔、无扫描的并行共聚焦切片，轴向分辨率比经典方法提升√2倍。
Multichannel-GaAsP-photomultiplier-based fiber bundle ISM-STED microscope
本文设计了一种基于多通道GaAsP光电倍增管和光纤束的共聚焦超分辨显微镜，通过光子重定位和ISM计算突破分辨率极限，并支持TCSPC技术。
A Superoscillatory lens (SOL) is known to produce a sub-diffraction hotspot which is useful for high-resolution imaging. However, high-energy rings called sidelobes coexist with the central hotspot. Additionally, SOLs have not yet been directly used to image reflective objects due to low efficiency and poor imaging properties. We propose a novel reflection confocal nanoscope which mitigates these issues by relaying the SOL intensity pattern onto the object and use conventional optics for detection. We experimentally demonstrate super-resolution by imaging double bars with 330 nm separation usi…
We report on a method to obtain confocal imaging through multimode fibers using optical correlation. First, we measure the fiber's transmission matrix in a calibration step. This allows us to create focused spots at one end of the fiber by shaping the wavefront sent into it from the opposite end. These spots are scanned over a sample, and the light coming back from the sample via the fiber is optically correlated with the input pattern. We show that this achieves spatial selectivity in the detection. The technique is demonstrated on microbeads, a dried epithelial cell, and a cover glass.
A fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) system based on two independent measurement volumes is presented. The optical setup and data acquisition hardware are detailed, as well as a complete protocol to control the location, size and shape of the measurement volumes. A method that allows to monitor independently the excitation and collection efficiency distribution is proposed. Finally, a few examples of measurements that exploit the two spots in static and/or scanning schemes, are reported.
Quantum correlation light-field microscope with extreme depth of field
本文提出利用时空纠缠光子对的位置与动量关联构建光场显微镜，结合光线追迹和Gerchberg-Saxton算法，突破分辨率与景深权衡，实现5 μm分辨率下约500 μm景深。
We derive the statistics of the signals generated by shape fluctuations of large molecules studied by feedback tracking microscopy. We account for the influence of intramolecular dynamics on the response of the tracking system, and derive a general expression for the fluorescence autocorrelation function that applies when those dynamics are linear. We show that tracking provides enhanced sensitivity to translational diffusion, molecular size, heterogeneity and long time-scale decays in comparison to traditional fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. We demonstrate our approach by using a three…
Coded aperture correlation holographic microscope for single-shot quantitative phase imaging with extended field of view
本文提出在改进型马赫-曾德尔干涉仪中使用编码相位掩模，实现单次定量相位成像，并通过编码孔径框架扩展视场，性能优于开放孔径方法。
State-of-the-art microscopes use intense lasers that can severely disturb biological processes, function and viability. This introduces hard limits on performance that only quantum photon correlations can overcome. Here we demonstrate this absolute quantum advantage, achieving signal-to-noise beyond the photodamage-free capacity of conventional microscopy. We achieve this in a coherent Raman microscope, which we use to image molecular bonds within a cell with both quantum-enhanced contrast and sub-wavelength resolution. This allows the observation of nanoscale biological structures that would …
Despite recent advances, high performance single-shot 3D microscopy remains an elusive task. By introducing designed diffractive optical elements (DOEs), one is capable of converting a microscope into a 3D "kaleidoscope", in which case the snapshot image consists of an array of tiles and each tile focuses on different depths. However, the acquired multifocal microscopic (MFM) image suffers from multiple sources of degradation, which prevents MFM from further applications. We propose a unifying computational framework which simplifies the imaging system and achieves 3D reconstruction via comput…
Plenoptic microscopy and photography from intensity correlations
本研究提出两种基于光强度关联的衍射极限全光成像方法，分别适配显微场景并提升抗湍流鲁棒性、结合双参考平面关联实现分辨率与景深的优异结合，为紧凑型CPI器件设计奠定基础。
We report on the experimental demonstration of single photon state generation and characterization in an electron microscope. In this aim we have used low intensity relativistic (energy between 60kV and 100 keV) electrons beams focused in a ca 1 nm probe to excite diamond nanoparticles. This triggered individual neutral Nitrogen-vacancies (NV0) centers to emit photon which could be gathered and sent to a Hanbury Brown Twiss intensity interferometer. The detection of a dip in the correlation function at small time delays clearly demonstrates antibunching and thus the creation of non-classical l…
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