约翰逊噪声测温相关法中的系统误差：放大器引起的残余相关
Systematic errors in the correlation method for Johnson noise thermometry: residual correlations due to amplifiers
摘要：
约翰逊噪声温度计（JNT）测量传感电阻器的平衡电噪声，与热力学温度成比例。在相关方法中，同一电阻连接到两个放大器，并执行其输出的相关，以抑制放大器的噪声。这种抑制并不完美：残余相关在JNT读数中产生系统误差。为了对这种误差设定上限或实现校正，必须对放大器和连接进行仔细的电气建模。标准的数值模拟工具不足以进行这种建模。在文献中，评价已进行了艰苦的解决分析建模。我们提出了一个评估程序的JNT误差，由于残留的相关性，混合分析和数值方法，两者的好处：一个严格和准确的电路噪声建模，并快速和灵活的评估与用户友好的商业工具。该方法适用于一个简单的，但非常有效的超低噪声放大器中采用的工作JNT。
英文摘要：
Johnson noise thermometers (JNT) measure the equilibrium electrical noise, proportional to thermodynamic temperature, of a sensing resistor. In the correlation method, the same resistor is connected to two amplifiers and a correlation of their outputs is performed, in order to reject amplifiers' noise. Such rejection is not perfect: the residual correlation gives a systematic error in the JNT reading. In order to put an upper limit, or to achieve a correction, for such error, a careful electrical modelling of the amplifiers and connections must be performed. Standard numerical simulation tools are inadequate for such modelling. In literature, evaluations have been performed by the painstaking solving of analytical modelling. We propose an evaluation procedure for the JNT error due to residual correlations which blends analytical and numerical approaches, with the benefits of both: a rigorous and accurate circuit noise modelling, and a fast and flexible evaluation with an user-friendly commercial tool. The method is applied to a simple but very effective ultralow-noise amplifier employed in a working JNT.
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