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arXiv 0912.4165astro-ph.SR
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银河系超级星团Westerlund 1中大质量恒星的射电辐射

Radio emission from the massive stars in the Galactic Super Star Cluster Westerlund 1

S. M. Dougherty, J. S. Clark, I. Negueruela, T. Johnson, J. M. Chapman

摘要:

目前的质量损失率估计意味着主序星风不足以剥离富含氢的包层以产生沃尔夫-拉叶(WR)星。Westerlund 1(Wd 1)丰富的过渡星族为观测整个恒星演化过渡阶段的质量损失过程提供了理想的实验室。本文分析了Wd 1的深射电连续观测资料.我们检测到18个集群成员。样品的无线电特性是多种多样的,具有热、非热和复合热/非热源。在所有光谱类型中,质量损失率约为10^{-5}太阳质量/年,不足以在大质量恒星的一生中形成WR,并且恒星必须经历一段时间的增强质量损失。sgB[e]星W 9可能提供了一个例子,它的质量损失率比其他星团成员高一个数量级,并且是一个密度约为当前风的3倍的扩展星云。这个结构让人想起明亮的蓝色变星,其中一个有两个高时期的证据,可能是爆发性的质量损失。探测到三颗OB超巨星,意味着异常密集的风。它们也可能有复合光谱,表明二进制。空间分辨星云与星团中四个RSG中的三个和六个YHG中的三个有关,这是由于静止的质量损失而不是爆发。对于某些冷星风,电离源可能是伴星,尽管星团辐射密度足够高,可以提供必要的电离辐射。五个WR星检测复合光谱,解释为碰撞风双星产生。

英文摘要:

Current mass-loss rate estimates imply that main sequence winds are not sufficient to strip away the H-rich envelope to yield Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars. The rich transitional population of Westerlund 1 (Wd 1) provides an ideal laboratory to observe mass-loss processes throughout the transitional phase of stellar evolution. An analysis of deep radio continuum observations of Wd 1 is presented. We detect 18 cluster members. The radio properties of the sample are diverse, with thermal, non-thermal and composite thermal/non-thermal sources present. Mass-loss rates are ~10^{-5} solar mass/year across all spectral types, insufficient to form WRs during a massive star lifetime, and the stars must undergo a period of enhanced mass loss. The sgB[e] star W9 may provide an example, with a mass-loss rate an order of magnitude higher than the other cluster members, and an extended nebula of density ~3 times the current wind. This structure is reminiscent of luminous blue variables, and one with evidence of two eras of high, possibly eruptive, mass loss. Three OB supergiants are detected, implying unusually dense winds. They also may have composite spectra, suggesting binarity. Spatially resolved nebulae are associated with three of the four RSGs and three of the six YHGs in the cluster, which are due to quiescent mass loss rather than outbursts. For some of the cool star winds, the ionizing source may be a companion star though the cluster radiation density is sufficiently high to provide the necessary ionizing radiation. Five WR stars are detected with composite spectra, interpreted as arising in colliding-wind binaries.

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