This paper analyzes dynamical properties of small Fermi-Hubbard and Bose-Hubbard systems, focusing on the structure of the underlying Hilbert space. We evaluate time-dependent quantities such as the return probability to the initial state and the spin imbalance of spin-1/2 fermions. The results are compared with recent experimental observations in ultracold gases. For the symmetric two-site Fermi-Hubbard model we find that the spin imbalance and the return probability are controlled by two and three frequencies, respectively. The spin imbalance and the return probability are identical for the asymmetric Falicov-Kimball limit and controlled by only one frequency. In general, the transition probabilities between the initial state and energy eigenstates depend strongly on the particle-particle interaction. This is discussed for "self trapping" of spinless bosons in a double-well potential. We observe that the available Hilbert space is reduced significantly by strong interaction.
The Bose-Hubbard model is well-defined description of a Bose solid which may be realistic for cold atoms in a periodic optical lattice. We show that contrary to accepted theories it can never have as a ground state a perfect Mott insulator solid and that it has a low-energy spectrum of vortex-like phase fluctuations. Whether the ground state is necessarily commensurate remains an open question.
We analyze the energy spectrum of the three-site Bose-Hubbard model. It is shown that this spectrum is a mixture of the regular and irregular spectra associated with the regular and chaotic components of the classical Bose-Hubbard model. We find relative volumes of these components by using the pseudoclassical approach. Substituting these values in the Berry-Robnik distribution for the level spacing statistics we obtain good agreement with the numerical data.
The Bose-Einstein condensation in the hard-core boson limit (HCB) of the Bose-Hubbard model with two local states and the particle hopping in the excited band only is investigated. For the purpose of considering the non-ergodicity, a single-particle spectral density is calculated in the random phase approximation by means of the temperature boson Green functions. The non-ergodic contribution to the momentum distribution function of particles (connected with the static density fluctuations) increases significantly and becomes comparable with the ergodic contribution in the superfluid phase near…
We study phase diagrams of one-dimensional bosons with contact interactions in the presence of a lattice. We use the worm algorithm in continuous space and focus on the incommensurate superfluid Mott-insulator transition. Our results are compared to those from the one-band Bose-Hubbard model. When Wannier states are used to determine the Bose-Hubbard model parameters, the comparison unveils an apparent breakdown of the one-band description for strong interactions, even for the Mott-insulating state with an average of one particle per site ($n=1$) in deep lattices. We introduce an inverse confi…
The quantum dynamics of one-dimensional bosonic Josephson junctions with attractive and repulsive interparticle interactions is studied using the Bose-Hubbard model and by numerically-exact computations of the full many-body Hamiltonian. A symmetry present in the Bose-Hubbard Hamiltonian dictates an equivalence between the evolution in time of attractive and repulsive Josephson junctions with attractive and repulsive interactions of equal magnitude. The full many-body Hamiltonian does not possess this symmetry and consequently the dynamics of the attractive and repulsive junctions are differen…
We study systematically an extended Bose-Hubbard model on the triangular lattice by means of a meanfield method based on the Gutzwiller ansatz. Pair hopping terms are explicitly included and a three-body constraint is applied. The ground-state phase diagram and a variety of quantum phase transitions are investigated in great detail. In particular, we show the existence and stability of the pair supersolid phase.
The standard mean-field theory for the Mott insulator-superfluid phase transition is not sufficient to describe the Mott insulator-paired superfluid phase transition. Therefore, by restricting the two-species Bose-Hubbard Hamiltonian to the subspace of paired particles, and using perturbation theory, here we derive an analytic mean-field expression for the Mott insulator-paired superfluid transition boundary.
The zero temperature properties of the generalized Bose-Hubbard model including three-body interactions are studied on a mean-field level. We obtain analytical results using the so-called perturbative mean-field method and more detailed numerical results using the Gutzwiller product state variational Ansatz. These two approaches yield equivalent results which compare well on a qualitative level with recent exact results obtained in the literature.
The long-range and anisotropic nature of the dipolar interaction provides the so-called supersolid phases in Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) in an optical lattice. However, in a certain area of dipole interaction parameters, BECs can form into a droplet. In this paper, in order to qualitatively understand the droplet formations, we propose a toy model that allows us to estimate the size and shape of droplets in dipolar Bose-Hubbard system in the optical lattice. We compare results of the toy model with numerical solutions of the mean-field calculation.
An effective action for Bose-Hubbard model with two- and three-body on-site interaction in a square optical lattice is derived in the frame of a strong-coupling approach developed by Sengupta and Dupuis. From this effective action, superfluid-Mott insulator (MI) phase transition, excitation spectrum and momentum distribution for two phases are calculated by taking into account Gaussian fluctuation about the saddle-point approximation. In addition the effects of three-body interaction are also discussed.
We study the expansion dynamics of harmonically trapped bosons in a two-dimensional lattice within the extended Bose-Hubbard model. We evaluate the dynamics of the system following a sudden removal of the confining potential, starting with a cloud mostly in n = 1 Mott state. We show that the nearest neighbour interactions have a strong influence on the dynamics of ultracold bosons on an optical lattice. Also we conclude that validity of the widely used contact potential approximation is questionable in the presence of Feschbach resonances.
We present first-principle numerical calculations for few particle solutions of the attractive Bose-Hubbard model with periodic boundary conditions. We show that the low-energy many-body states found by numerical diagonalization can be written as translational superposition states of compact composite systems of particles. These compact states break the translational symmetry of the problem and their center-of-mass and internal excitations offer simple explanations of the energy spectrum of the full model.
A degenerate variant of mean field perturbation theory for the on-site Bose-Hubbard Hamiltonian is presented. We split the perturbation into two terms and perform exact diagonalization in the two-dimensional subspace corresponding to the degenerate states. The final relations for the second order ground state energy and first order wave function do not contain singularities at integer values of the chemical potentials. The resulting equation for the phase boundary between superfluid and Mott states coincides with the prediction based on the conventional mean field perturbation approach.
Motivated by the role that spectral properties play for the dynamical evolution of a quantum many-body system, we investigate the level spacing statistic of the extended Bose-Hubbard model. In particular, we focus on the distribution of the ratio of adjacent level spacings, useful at large interaction, to distinguish between chaotic and non-chaotic regimes. After revisiting the bare Bose-Hubbard model, we study the effect of two different perturbations: next-nearest neighbor hopping and nearest-neighbor interaction. The system size dependence is investigated together with the effect of the pro…
An improved variational ansatz is proposed to capture the most striking properties of the ground state of a slightly biased attractive two-site Bose-Hubbard Hamiltonian. Our ansatz, albeit its simplicity, is found to capture well the exact properties of the ground state for a wide variety of model parameters, in particular the fragmentation occurring before the formation of cat-like states and also the formation of strongly correlated cat-like states.
Using a field-theoretic approach within the Schwinger-Keldysh formalism, we study a Bose-Hubbard model in the presence of a driving field and dissipation due to one-body losses. We recover the bistability diagram from the Gross-Pitaevski equation and analyze the different phases with respect to their elementary excitations and correlations. We find the low-density solution to be subdivided into a dynamically instable, a gapped, and a gapless regime. The correlations decay exponentially, but a substantial increase of correlation length marks the regime of gapless excitations.
We investigate the breathing mode of harmonically trapped bosons in an optical lattice at small site occupancies. The Bose-Hubbard model with a trapping potential is used to describe the breathing-mode dynamics initiated through weak quenches of the trap strength. We connect to results for continuum bosons (Lieb-Liniger and Gross-Pitaevskii results) and also present deviations from continuum physics. We take a spectral perspective, identifying the breathing mode frequency with a particular energy gap in the spectrum of the trapped Bose-Hubbard Hamiltonian. We present the low energy eigenspectr…
We numerically study a Bose-Hubbard ring of finite size with disorder containing a finite number of bosons that are subject to an on-site two-body interaction. Our results show that moderate interactions induce dynamical thermalization in this isolated system. In this regime the individual many-body eigenstates are well described by the standard thermal Bose-Einstein distribution for well-defined values of the temperature and the chemical potential which depend on the eigenstate under consideration. We show that the dynamical thermalization conjecture works well both at positive and negative t…
We present a two-band Bose-Hubbard model which is shown to be minimal in the necessary coupling terms at resonant tunneling conditions. The dynamics of the many-body problem is studied by sweeping the system across an avoided level crossing. The linear sweep generalizes Landau-Zener transitions from single-particle to many-body realizations. The temporal evolution of single- and two-body observables along the sweeps is investigated in order to characterize the non-equilibrium dynamics in our complex quantum system.
The spin squeezing protocols allow the dynamical generation of massively correlated quantum many-body states, which can be utilized in entanglement-enhanced metrology and technologies. We study a quantum simulator generating twisting dynamics realized in a two-component Bose-Hubbard model with dipolar interactions. We show that the interplay of contact and long-range dipolar interactions between atoms in the superfluid phase activates the anisotropic two-axis counter-twisting mechanism, accelerating the spin squeezing dynamics and allowing the Heisenberg-limited accuracy in spectroscopic measu…
We derive the Bogoliubov+U formalism to study the thermodynamical properties of the Bose-Hubbard model. The framework can be viewed as the zero-frequency limit of bosonic dynamical mean-field theory (B-DMFT), but equally well as an extension of the mean-field decoupling approximation in which pair creation and annihilation of depleted particles is taken into account. The self-energy on the impurity site is treated variationally, minimizing the grand potential. The theory containing just three parameters that are determined self-consistently reproduces the T=0 phase diagrams of the three-dimens…
Based on the analytic model of Feshbach resonances in harmonic traps described in Phys. Rev. A 83, 030701 (2011) a Bose-Hubbard model is introduced that provides an accurate description of two atoms in an optical lattice at a Feshbach resonance with only a small number of Bloch bands. The approach circumvents the problem that the eigenenergies in the presence of a delta-like coupling do not converge to the correct energies, if an uncorrelated basis is used. The predictions of the Bose-Hubbard model are compared to non-perturbative calculations for both the stationary states and the time-depend…
The interband dynamics of a two-band Bose-Hubbard model is studied with strongly correlated bosons forming single-site double occupancies referred to as doublons. Our model for resonant doublon interband coupling exhibits interesting dynamical features such as quantum Zeno effect, the generation of states such as a two-band Bell-like state and an upper-band Mott-like state. The evolution of the asymptotic state is controlled here by the effective opening of one or both of the two bands, which models decay channels.
We analyze interacting one-dimensional bosons in the continuum, subject to a periodic sinusoidal potential of arbitrary depth. Variation of the lattice depth tunes the system from the Bose-Hubbard limit for deep lattices, through the sine-Gordon regime of weak lattices, to the complete absence of a lattice. Using the Bose-Fermi mapping between strongly interacting bosons and weakly interacting fermions, we derive the phase diagram in the parameter space of lattice depth and chemical potential. This extends previous knowledge from tight-binding (Bose-Hubbard) studies in a new direction which is…
We investigate the phase diagram of a dimerized Bose-Hubbard model, using density matrix renormalization group technique. We find a new phase, which is the coexistence of superfluid and bond-wave phases, due to the effect of dimerization. Experimentally dimerization in optical lattice can be realized by using two counter propagating laser beams of different wavelengths. Apart from the conventional superfluid to Mott insulator transition, we find a new quantum phase transition: from superfluid-bond-wave to Mott insulator-bond wave phase. Our study suggests a rich phase diagram which can be easi…
Recently, it has become apparent that, when the interactions between polar molecules in optical lattices becomes strong, the conventional description using the extended Hubbard model has to be modified by additional terms, in particular a density-dependent tunneling term. We investigate here the influence of this term on the ground-state phase diagrams of the two dimensional extended Bose-Hubbard model. Using Quantum Monte Carlo simulations, we investigate the changes of the superfluid, supersolid, and phase-separated parameter regions in the phase diagram of the system. By studying the interp…
We study the dynamics of an interacting Bose-Hubbard chain coupled to a non-Markovian environment. Our basic tool is the reduced generating functional expressed as a path integral over spin-coherent states. We calculate the leading contribution to the corresponding effective action, and by minimizing it, we derive mean-field equations that can be numerically solved. With this tool at hand, we examine the influence of the system's initial conditions and interparticle interactions on the dissipative dynamics. Moreover, we investigate the presence of memory effects due to the non-Markovian enviro…
We study the effects of an artificial gauge field on the ground-state phases of the Bose-Hubbard model on a checkerboard superlattice in two dimensions, including the superfluid phase and the Mott and alternating Mott insulators. First, we discuss the single-particle Hofstadter problem, and show that the presence of a checkerboard superlattice gives rise to a magnetic flux-independent energy gap in the excitation spectrum. Then, we consider the many-particle problem, and derive an analytical mean-field expression for the superfluid-Mott and superfluid--alternating-Mott insulator phase transiti…
We show that the Bose-Hubbard approximation fails due to the emergence of chaos, even when excited modes are far detuned and the standard validity condition is satisfied. This is formally identical to the Melnikov-Arnold analysis of the stochastic pump model. Previous numerical observations of Bose-Hubbard breakdown are precisely reproduced by our simple model and can be attributed to many body enhancement of chaos.
Ultracold atoms in optical lattices provide a unique opportunity to study Bose- Hubbard physics. In this work we show that by considering a spatially varying onsite interaction it is possible to manipulate the motion of excitations above the Mott phase in a Bose-Hubbard system. Specifically, we show that it is possible to "engineer" regimes where excitations will negatively refract, facilitating the construction of a flat lens.
For strongly interacting bosons in optical lattices the standard description using Bose-Hubbard model becomes questionable. The role of excited bands becomes important. In such a situation we compare results of simulations using multiband Bose-Hubbard model with a recent proposition based on a time dependent variational approach. It is shown that the latter, in its original formulation, uses too small variational space leading often to spurious effects. Possible expansion of variational approach is discussed.
We study theoretically the dynamics of two weakly-coupled Bose-Josephson junctions, prepared with the same particle number $N$ and Josephson excitation number $ν$ but with different reduced one-particle purity $γ$. A novel entropy oscillation mode is predicted, in which one-particle coherence is transferred between the Bose-Hubbard dimers with no particle or energy transfer. We explain this purity oscillation using a semiclassical picture.
We develop a novel approach to understand the phases of one-dimensional Bose-Hubbard models. We integrate the simplicity of the mean-field theory and the numerical power of the density matrix renormalization group method to build an effective numerical technique with moderate computational resources to determine superfluid order parameters and correlation functions of large one-dimensional systems. We demonstrate the applicability of this method to directly identify superfluid, Mott insulator, and density wave phases in Bose-Hubbard models.
We discuss applications of the theory of Quantum Chaos to one of the paradigm models of many-body quantum physics -- the Bose-Hubbard model, which describes, in particular, interacting ultracold Bose atoms in an optical lattice. After preliminary, pure quantum analysis of the system we introduce the classical counterpart of the Bose-Hubbard model and the governing semiclassical equations of motion. We analyze these equations for the problem of Bloch oscillations of cold atoms where a number of experimental results are available. The review is written for non-experts and can be viewed as an int…
In this paper, we study Bose-Hubbard models on the square and honeycomb lattices with complex hopping amplitudes, which are feasible by recent experiments of cold atomic gases in optical lattices. To clarify phase diagrams, we use an extended quantum Monte-Carlo simulations (eQMC). For the system on the square lattice, the complex hopping is realized by an artificial magnetic field. We found that vortex-solid states form for certain set of magnetic field, i.e., the magnetic field with the flux quanta per plaquette $f=p/q$, where $p$ and $q$ are co-prime natural numbers. For the system on the h…
We analyze the momentum distribution function and its artificial-gauge-field dependence for the Mott insulator phases of the Hofstadter-Bose-Hubbard model. By benchmarking the results of the random-phase approximation (RPA) approach against those of the strong-coupling expansion (SCE) for the Landau and symmetric gauges, we find pronounced corrections to the former results in two dimensions.
We study the phase transition from Mott insulator (MI) to Bose glass (BG) of a disordered Bose-Hubbard model within the framework of Ginzburg-Landau effective action approach. By treating MI as unperturbed ground state and performing a systematic expansion with respect to tunneling matrix element, we extend such a field-theoretic method into the disordered lattice Bose systems. To the lowest order, a second order phase transition is confirmed to happen here and the corresponding phase boundary equation coincides with the previous mean-field approximation result. Keeping all the terms second or…
We study the attractive Bose-Hubbard model with a tunable, on-site three-body constraint. It is shown that the critical behavior of the system undergoing a phase transition from pair-superfluid to superfluid at unit filling depends on the value of the three-body repulsion. In particular, we calculate critical exponents and the central charge governing the quantum phase transition.
We theoretically study the stability of lattice supersolid states in the extended Bose-Hubbard model with bounded spatial disorder. We construct a disorder mean field theory and compare with quantum Monte Carlo calculations. The supersolid survives weak disorder on the simple cubic lattice. We also find that increasing disorder strength can transform a lattice solid into a supersolid as it tends to percolate through the disorder landscape.
The extended Bose-Hubbard model captures the essential properties of a wide variety of physical systems including ultracold atoms and molecules in optical lattices, Josephson junction arrays, and certain narrow band superconductors. It exhibits a rich phase diagram including a supersolid phase where a lattice solid coexists with a superfluid. We use quantum Monte Carlo to study the supersolid part of the phase diagram of the extended Bose-Hubbard model on the simple cubic lattice. We add disorder to the extended Bose-Hubbard model and find that the maximum critical temperature for the supersol…
We propose a scheme for the detection of quantum phase transitions in the 1D Bose-Hubbard (BH) and 1D Extended Bose-Hubbard (EBH) models, using the non-demolition measurement technique of quantum polarization spectroscopy. We use collective measurements of the effective total angular momentum of a particular spatial mode to characterise the Mott insulator to superfluid phase transition in the BH model, and the transition to a density wave state in the EBH model. We extend the application of collective measurements to the ground states at various deformations of a super-lattice potential.
We show that a two-atoms Bose-Hubbard model exhibits three different phases in the behavior of thermal entanglement in its parameter space. These phases are demonstrated to be traceable back to the existence of quantum phase transitions in the same system. Significant similarities between the behaviors of thermal entanglement and heat capacity in the parameter space are brought to light thus allowing to interpret the occurrence and the meaning of all these three phases.
We study ultracold Bose gases in periodic potentials as described by the Bose-Hubbard model. In 1D and at finite temperature, we simulate ultracold Bose gases in imaginary time with the gauge $P$ representation. We study various quantities including the Luttinger parameter $K$, which is important for locating the boundaries of the Mott insulator lobes, and find a simple relation for the kinetic energy part of the Bose-Hubbard Hamiltonian. We show that for J=0, the stepwise pattern of the average number of particles per lattice site versus the chemical potential vanishes at temperatures above $…
The extended Bose-Hubbard model with pure three-body local interactions is studied using the Density Matrix Renormalization Group approach. The shapes of the first two insulating lobes are discussed, and the values of the critical tunneling for which the system undergoes the quantum phase transition from insulating to superfluid phase are predicted. It is shown that stability of insulating phases, in contrast to the standard Bose-Hubbard model, is enhanced for larger fillings. It is also shown that, on the tip of the boundary of the insulating phase, the model under consideration belongs to th…
We study the Mott phase of the Bose-Hubbard model on a tilted lattice. On the (Gutzwiller) mean-field level, the tilt has no effect -- but quantum fluctuations entail particle-hole pair creation via tunneling. For small potential gradients (long-wavelength limit), we derive a quantitative analogy to the Sauter-Schwinger effect, i.e., electron-positron pair creation out of the vacuum by an electric field. For large tilts, we obtain resonant tunneling related to Bloch oscillations.
We prove basic theorems about the ground states of the S=1 Bose-Hubbard model. The results are quite universal and depend only on the coefficient U_2 of the spin-dependent interaction. We show that the ground state exhibits saturated ferromagnetism if U_2<0, is spin-singlet if U_2>0, and exhibits "SU(3)-ferromagnetism" if U_2=0, and completely determine the degeneracy in each region.
Motivated by the recent successful application of artificial neural networks to quantum many-body problems [G. Carleo and M. Troyer, Science {\bf 355}, 602 (2017)], a method to calculate the ground state of the Bose-Hubbard model using a feedforward neural network is proposed. The results are in good agreement with those obtained by exact diagonalization and the Gutzwiller approximation. The method of neural-network quantum states is promising for solving quantum many-body problems of ultracold atoms in optical lattices.
In this paper, we analyze the quantum phases of multiple component Bose-Hubbard model in optical superlattices, using a mean-field method, the decoupling approximation. We find that the phase diagrams exhibit complected patterns and regions with various Charge Density Wave (CDW) for both one- and two- component cases. We also analyze the effective spin dynamics for the two-component case in strong-coupling region at unit filling, and show the possible existence of a Spin Density Wave (SDW) order.
In this paper, we studied a generalized Bose-Hubbard model on a checkerboard lattice with topologically nontrivial flat-band. We used mean-field method to decouple the model Hamiltonian and obtained phase diagram by Landau theory of second-order phase transition. We further calculate the energy gap and the dispersion of quasi-particle or quasi-hole in Mott insulator state and found that in strong interaction limit the quasi-particles or the quasi-holes also have flat bands.
We study the quench from the Mott to the superfluid phase in the Bose-Hubbard model and investigate the spatial-temporal growth of phase coherence, i.e., phase locking between initially uncorrelated sites. To this end, we establish a hierarchy of correlations via a controlled expansion into inverse powers of the coordination number $1/Z$. It turns out that the off-diagonal long-range order spreads with a constant propagation speed, forming local condensate patches, whereas the phase correlator follows a diffusion-like growth rate.
We investigate the Bose-Hubbard chain in the presence of nearest-neighbor pairing. The pairing term gives rise to an unusual gapped $\mathbb{Z}_2$ Ising phase that has number fluctuation but no off-diagonal long range order. This phase has a strongly correlated many-body doubly degenerate ground state which is effectively a gap-protected macroscopic qubit. In the strongly interacting limit, the system can be mapped onto an anisotropic transverse spin chain, which in turn can be mapped to the better-known fermionic sister of the paired Bose-Hubbard chain: the Kitaev chain which hosts zero-energ…
Phase transitions in systems described by Bose-Fermi-Hubbard model on a lattice with two nonequivalent sublattices are investigated in this work. The case of hard-core bosons is considered and pseudospin formalism is used. Phase diagrams are built in the plain of chemical potential of the bosons-bosonic hopping parameter. It is shown that in the case of anisotropic hopping, the region of the supersolid phase existence is possible for a smaller parameter space.
Bose-Hubbard models are simple paradigmatic lattice models used to study dynamics and phases of quantum bosonic matter. We combine the extended Bose-Hubbard model in the hard-core regime with ring-exchange hoppings. By investigating the symmetries and low-energy properties of the Hamiltonian we argue that the model hosts fractonic defect excitations. We back up our claims with exact numerical simulations of defect dynamics exhibiting mobility constraints. Moreover, we confirm the robustness of our results against fracton symmetry breaking perturbations. Finally we argue that this model can be …
