Jihn E. Kim
We review the recent developments on axion physics. Some new comments on the strong CP problem, the axion mass, and the simple energy loss mechanism of white dwarfs and related issues are included.
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Review on Axions
本文综述轴子解决强CP问题的理论依据、基准模型及其与标准模型粒子的相互作用、暗物质候选角色，并介绍当前及未来轴子实验的多方向探测前景。
CP-Violating Axions: A Theory Review
本文综述CP破坏轴子的物理动机，聚焦QCD轴子与类轴子粒子的CP破坏源，强调标量轴子-核子耦合计算及对电偶极矩的贡献，并探讨紫外完备化。
Very Light Axion
我回顾了轴子的概念，轴子的性质和超弦轴子。
Setting aside anthropic arguments, there is no reason for CP symmetry to be obeyed within the theory of quantum chromodynamics. However, no such violation of CP symmetry has ever been observed in a strongly interacting experiment. This is known as the strong CP problem which, in its simplest manifestations, can be quantitatively formulated via a calculation of the pion masses and the neutron electric dipole moment. The former yields a larger mass for the neutral pion than its charged counterparts, the latter yields a far larger result than is experimentally measured, where in both cases the di…
A Review of Axion Lasing in Astrophysics
本文综述了天体物理环境中轴子受激衰变为光子并形成激射或微波激射的条件、可能出现的情境及其探测前景。
Axions and Axion-like Particles
我回顾了轴子的理论动机，并提出了更新的实验状态的轴子搜索。最后，我对类轴子粒子物理学的某些方面进行了评论。
Axions and Axion-like particles: collider searches
本文系统综述了对撞机搜寻类轴子粒子的唯象学，介绍其理论来源、有效场论描述、主要产生衰变道及间接探测方法，为初学者提供入门参考。
QCD axion and quintessential axion
本文综述了强CP问题的轴子解以及其它强CP解。我们还指出了典型的轴子（quintaxion），由于隐藏扇区夸克质量和中间隐藏扇区尺度的微小比值，其势可以非常平坦。五轴子的候选者应该是弦论的轴子，模型无关的或模型依赖的轴子。
Axions - Motivation, limits and searches
强CP问题的轴子解为物理学提供了许多可能的窗口，超越了标准模型，特别是以寻找太阳轴子和银河系轴子暗物质的形式，但在更广泛的背景下，也激发了在纯实验室实验中寻找类轴子粒子。我们简要地回顾了轴子的动机，天体物理学的限制，他们可能的宇宙学作用，以及目前对轴子和轴子类粒子的研究。
I review the physics case for flavour violating axions. In particular, I argue that relaxing the assumption of the universality of the Peccei-Quinn current opens up new pathways, including: the relaxation of the Supernova bound on the axion mass, a possible connection with the Standard Model flavour puzzle and the experimental opportunity of discovering the axion via flavoured axion searches.
QCD, Strong CP and Axions
本文回顾了QCD中强CP问题的物理根源，即标准模型的真空结构。这个问题的手征解决方案，其伴随的轴子，解释和轴子的各种特性进行了详细说明。虽然可见的轴子模型被排除在实验之外，但具有非常轻和非常弱耦合的轴子的模型仍然成立。这种轴子模型的天体物理学和宇宙学的影响进行了讨论，以及正在进行的实验尝试，以检测这种所谓的，看不见的轴子。
The Supersymmetric Axion and Cosmology
在这个讲座中，我们回顾了几个与轴子有关的宇宙学问题。Axion解决了强CP问题，是暗物质的一个很好的候选者。在超对称扁平方向轴子模型中，讨论了由WMAP观测到的CMBR中等曲率起伏分数和畴壁问题所引起的极限。
Axion dark matter (theory & experiment)
本文回顾了轴子作为强CP疑难解决方案及冷暗物质候选者的动机，讨论了基准轴子模型对轴子与标准模型耦合及暗物质丰度的预测，并概述了当前及未来轴子实验的发现潜力。
We review very nice mechanism to generate masses to all the neutrinos in the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) without break $R$-parity. In consequence we get viable axion as Dark Matter candidate and at the same time solve the $μ$-problem in a similar way as done in the Next to Minimal Supersymmetric Model (NMSSM).
Primer on Axion Physics
该文是面向具备基础量子场论知识读者的轴子物理入门材料，综述经典轴子势及背后场论，通过瞬子诱导戈德斯通场破缺的显式计算推导轴子质量与衰变常数关系。
Axionic Extensions of the Standard Model
在简要回顾了强CP问题的轴子解之后，讨论了它的超对称扩张和超弦轴子。我还提出了一个有趣的宇宙学方案，轴引力子宇宙学，宇宙的大尺度结构。
Axions and their Relatives
对轴子和类轴子粒子的研究现状进行了综述。特别注意的是专门用于PVLAS合作，这是在与CAST数据和天体物理学的限制冲突的最新成果。解决这个难题和新物理学的影响进行了讨论。类轴子粒子是暗物质的问题也得到了解决。
We review recent developments on axion cosmology. Topics include : axion cold dark matter, axions from topological defects, axion isocurvature perturbation and its non-Gaussianity and axino/saxion cosmology in supersymmetric axion model.
I propose a new axionic solution to the strong CP problem which involves a hypothetical vector-like quark(s) in a high-colour representation of the conventional QCD. There are two distinct scenarios. If the current mass of the exotic quark is zero, the strong CP phase can be trivially rotated away. The high-colour quark is `hidden' in various bounds states, the lightest being the composite axion field, with properties similar to the standard invisible axion. If the high-colour quark acquire a non-zero current mass due to the spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking, the composite axion can be heav…
Flavour bounds on axions, hidden photons and sterile neutrinos
本文回顾了在最小模型假设下，利用味破坏衰变对类轴子粒子、隐藏光子和重中性轻子进行探测的灵敏度。
Axions
我回顾了轴子的物理学，注意到它作为暗物质的作用。本文基于2003年9月22日至27日在索伦托（意大利）举行的"思考、观察和挖掘宇宙“讲习班和2003年10月14日至18日在巴伦西亚（西班牙）举行的”天体粒子和高能物理国际讲习班“上的演讲。
TASI Lectures on the Strong CP Problem and Axions
本讲座从经典与量子视角介绍强CP问题，计算中子电偶极矩，讨论θ真空，回顾解决方案，并总结探测轴子的实验。
Axions have for some time been considered a plausible candidate for dark matter. They can be produced through misalignment, but it has been argued that when inflation occurs before a Peccei-Quinn transition, appreciable production can result from cosmic strings. This has been the subject of extensive simulations. But there are reasons to be skeptical about the possible role of axion strings. We review and elaborate on these questions, and argue that parametrically strings are already accounted for by the assumption of random misalignment angles. We review and elaborate on these questions, and …
First I will review the QCD theta problem and the Peccei-Quinn solution, with its new particle, the axion. I will review the possibility of the axion as dark matter. If PQ symmetry was restored at some point in the hot early Universe, it should be possible to make a definite prediction for the axion mass if it constitutes the Dark Matter. I will describe progress on one issue needed to make this prediction -- the dynamics of axionic string-wall networks and how they produce axions. Then I will discuss the sensitivity of the calculation to the high temperature QCD topological susceptibility. My…
Mass Generation for Axion Like Particles
本文回顾轴子及轴子类粒子现状，探讨其质量起源挑战及与标准模型未解问题的潜在联系。
Cosmic Axion
我回顾了强CP问题的轴子解和宇宙轴子研究的现状。
Axion Searches
简要回顾了强CP问题及其通过轴子的存在而解决的方法。加速器搜索、红巨星演化和超新星SN 1987 a对轴子的限制结合在一起，需要$m_a < 3 \cdot 10^{-3}$ eV，其中$m_a$是轴子质量。另一方面，轴子不过于接近宇宙的约束意味着$m_a \gtwid 10^{-6}$ eV。如果$m_a \sim 10^{-5}$ eV，轴子以冷暗物质的形式对宇宙学能量密度有显著贡献。暗物质的轴子可以通过共振转换成微波光子来检测，这种微波光子在一个被静态磁场渗透并调谐到轴子质量的空腔中。使用这种效果的实验，以及其他几种类型的轴子搜索。
Axion decay $a \to f \tilde f$ in a strong magnetic field
研究了在外加交叉场和磁场中轴子衰变为荷电费米子-反费米子对$a ~\to f ~\tilde f$的过程。所得结果可用于在宇宙早期可能存在强磁场的情况下重新考察轴子质量的下限。
The physics case for axions and axion-like particles is reviewed and an overview of ongoing and near-future laboratory searches is presented.
Very strong and slowly varying magnetic fields as source of axions
对慢变但极强磁场中粒子产生的研究扩展到轴子的情况。其动机是，对于一些以前考虑的情况下，这种磁场可能存在于非常紧凑的天体物理对象周围的可能性。
Heavy Axions From Strong Broken Horizontal Gauge Symmetry
我们研究的后果的存在和破坏的Peccei-奎因对称性的背景下的动力学模型的电弱对称性破缺的基础上打破规范味对称性。我们执行包括味道瞬子效应的轴子质量的估计，并表明，对于低截止-关闭，轴子是足够大的，以防止它从现象学上是不可接受的。最后，我们检查强CP问题，并表明我们的轴子不能解决这个问题，虽然我们指出的方式，该模型可以扩展，使强CP问题得到解决。
Can Strong QCD in the Early Universe Raise the Axion Decay Constant?
我们报告的假设，轴子衰变常数的上限可以移动到$10^{12}$ GeV以上的模型在早期宇宙中具有较强的QCD是没有实现的。通过研究对偶模型中的超势，并在原有的整体对称性下得到轴子势的形式，这一证明是可能的。
The Strong CP Problem and Axions
我描述了如何QCD真空结构，必要的解决$U(1)_A$问题，预测存在的P，T和CP违反项成比例的真空角$\barθ$。然而，为了与实验界限一致，该参数必须非常小（$(\barθ \leq 10^{-9}$）。在简要讨论了这个所谓的强CP问题的一些可能的其他解决方案之后，我集中讨论了Peccei和Quinn提出的手征解决方案，该解决方案与一个轻的赝标粒子轴子相关联。我详细讨论的属性和动力学的轴子，特别是集中在不可见的轴子模型，其中轴子是非常轻，非常弱的耦合和非常长的寿命。天体物理学和宇宙学的界限上看不见的轴子也简要触及。
We demonstrate that the observed cosmological excess of matter over antimatter may originate from a heavy QCD axion that solves the strong CP problem but has a mass much larger than that given by the Standard Model QCD strong dynamics. We investigate a rotation of the heavy QCD axion in field space, which is transferred into a baryon asymmetry through weak and strong sphaleron processes. This provides a strong cosmological motivation for heavy QCD axions, which are of high experimental interest. The viable parameter space has an axion mass $m_a$ between 1~MeV and 10 GeV and a decay constant $f…
The $U(1)$ global symmetry to solve the strong $CP$ problem could be the remnant of multi-$U(1)$ symmetries from QCD and hidden strong dynamics. Both Peccei-Quinn $U(1)$ and dynamical $U(1)$ are described uniformly, based on which we classify various mixed two-$U(1)$ models to solve both strong $CP$ and quality problems. We propose a moose diagram method with different fermion assignments to directly read relations between $CP$ phases, which illustrate how strong $CP$ problem is solved in terms of cancellation between $CP$ phases. In two axion models, we find the lightest axion is still same a…
Can the Axions of Standard--like Superstring Models Solve the Strong CP Problem?
我们发现在四维自由费米子表述的类标准超弦模型中存在三个轴子。这些轴子要么有害，要么非常重。因此，它们不能解决强CP问题。我们表明，这是一个普遍的结果，在超弦模型的手征世代从$Z_2$扭曲的部门，其中使用$Z_4$扭曲。
Searching for the QCD Dark Matter Axion
本文回顾QCD轴子（冷暗物质候选者）的天体物理搜索、理论进展及历史，介绍其搜索现状、未来前景及正在开发的探测技术。
Dark Matter Related to Axion and Axino
我讨论了QCD轴子的基本特征：强CP解，因此它的理论必要性。我还回顾了轴子和axino效应的天体物理学和宇宙学，特别是强调其在宇宙中的暗物质组成部分的作用。
We review the current status of axions as dark matter. Motivation, models, constraints and experimental searches are outlined. The axion remains an excellent candidate for the dark matter and future experiments, particularly the Axion Dark Matter eXperiment (ADMX), will cover a large fraction of the axion parameter space.
The strong CP puzzle and axions
本报告介绍了强CP疑难与轴子模型的构建及唯象特征，并探讨了Peccei-Quinn对称性与重轻子数混合的可能性，指出轴子或可解释中微子质量微小与重子生成等标准模型疑难。
Axions and other very light axion-like particles appear in many extensions of the Standard Model, and are leading candidates to compose part or all of the missing matter of the Universe. They also appear in models of inflation, dark radiation, or even dark energy, and could solve some long-standing astrophysical anomalies. The physics case of these particles has been considerably developed in recent years, and there are now useful guidelines and powerful motivations to attempt experimental detection. Admittedly, the lack of positive signal of new physics at the high energy frontier, and in und…
In this talk, I present a pedagogical and historical review related to the CP symmetry. It includes the weak CP violation, the strong CP problem, "invisible" axions and cosmology, and Type-II leptogenesis.
Spin-Dependent Axion Generation with Controllable Emission Angles in Strong Laser Fields
本研究针对强场下轴子产生的调控问题，开发自旋分辨蒙特卡洛框架建模轴子耦合，发现可通过电子束与激光极化控制轴子发射角，模拟验证现有激光可产生可调偏转角的准直轴子束，为实验室轴子-电子耦合搜寻提供新路径。
We present a new mechanism to solve the strong CP problem using $N\geq2$ axions, each dynamically relaxing part of the $\barθ$ parameter. At high energies $M\ggΛ_{QCD}$ the $SU(3)_{c}$ group becomes the diagonal subgroup of an $SU(3)^{N}$ gauge group, and the non-perturbative effects in each individual $SU(3)$ factor generate a potential for the corresponding axion. The vacuum is naturally aligned to ensure $\barθ=0$ at low energies, and the masses of these axions can be much larger than for the standard QCD axion. This mechanism avoids the introduction of a discrete $Z_2$ symmetry and associa…
Axion search with optical technique
简单回顾了轴子存在的粒子物理学动机，然后讨论了可用于轴子探测的光学观测量。它强调的是，共振光子-轴子跃迁可以发生在低密度气体的存在下，使实验上可达到的数量在当今的技术范围内。
A brief review of light dark matter particles and their spectroscopy is presented, specifically aimed at understanding the interaction mechanisms of axion and Axion-Like Particles (ALPs) with matter and an interim proposal and some ideas for possible detection of these evasive particles. In order to venture into the highly challenging spectral regions and extremely weak signals involved with these searches (especially for the DFSZ axions), a different scheme is proposed departing from the conventional resonant cavity mass scan and heterodyne detection methods. We aim to look for a fixed mass a…
The overcritical regime of axion-electrodynamics (AED) is investigated. For magnetic fields larger than the characteristic scale linked to AED, quantum vacuum fluctuations due to axion-like fields can dominate over those associated with the electron-positron fields. This hypothetical regime of the dominance of AED over QED is predicted to induce strong birefringence and screening effects. We show that, if the magnetic field lines are curved, extraordinary photons could be canalized along the field direction. It is also shown that the running QED coupling depends on the magnetic field strength,…
We consider the strong dynamics associated with a composite Higgs model that simultaneously produces dynamical axions and solves the strong CP problem. The strong dynamics arises from a new $Sp$ or $SU(4)$ hypercolor gauge group containing QCD colored hyperfermions that confines at a high scale. The hypercolor global symmetry is weakly gauged by the Standard Model electroweak gauge group and an enlarged color group, $SU(N+3) \times SU(N)'$. When hyperfermion condensates form, they not only lead to an $SU(5)/SO(5)$ composite Higgs model but also spontaneously break the enlarged color group to $…
In the late 1970's, the axion was proposed as a solution to the Strong CP Problem, i.e. the puzzle why the strong interactions conserve parity P and the product CP of charge conjugation and parity in spite of the fact that the Standard Model of elementary particles as a whole violates those symmetries. The original axion was soon ruled out by laboratory experiments and astrophysical considerations, but a new version was invented which is much more weakly coupled and which evades the laboratory and astrophysical constraints. It was dubbed the invisible" axion. However, the axion cannot be arbit…
Unified Supersymmetric Model of Naturally Small Dirac Neutrino Masses and the Axionic Solution of the Strong CP Problem
利用E_6的{27}超多重态的粒子含量，在SU（3）_C × SU（2）_L × U（1）_Y × U（1）_chi的背景下，得到了自然小的Dirac中微子质量，其中U（1）_chi来自于E_6到SO（10）× U（1）_psi的分解，然后SO（10）到SU（5）× U（1）_chi的分解.在TeV尺度上预测了新的可观察到的后果。强CP问题的一个公理解可以在没有额外费用的情况下被包括在内。
New Technologies for Axion and Dark Photon Searches
本文是一篇综述，梳理近十年轴子与暗光子这类轻弱耦合粒子的探测进展，介绍多领域技术的应用、相关理论进展，指明快速发展方向及后续探索所需的技术突破。
Strong CP problem and mirror world: the Weinberg Wilczek axion revisited
本文提出了一种新的强CP问题的求解方法，即假定在标准模型描述的可观测粒子世界之外，存在一个镜像粒子扇区，且两个扇区共享相同的Peccei-Quinn对称性，实现{ \it a là} Weinberg-Wilczek模型.镜像规范群完全类似于普通粒子的标准模型，但具有更大的电弱标度，这反过来意味着镜像强相互作用的红外标度$Λ'$必须大于普通QCD标度$Λ$。这样，轴子质量和相互作用常数实际上是由镜像扇区尺度$v'$和$Λ'$决定的，而由于镜像对称性，$θ$项在两个扇区中同时被抵消。这种轴子的实验和天体物理的限制进行了讨论。发现一个有趣的参数窗口，其中$f_a \sim {\rm few}\times 10^4$ GeV，而轴子质量是$\sim 1$ MeV。
We consider an enlarged color sector which solves the strong CP problem via new massless fermions. The spontaneous breaking of a unified color group into QCD and another confining group provides a source of naturally large axion mass $m_a$ due to small size instantons. This extra source of axion mass respects automatically the alignment of the vacuum, ensuring a low-energy CP-conserving vacuum. The mechanism does not appeal to a $Z_2$ 'mirror' copy of the SM, nor does it require any fine-tuning of the axion-related couplings at the unification scale. There is no light axion and uncharacteristi…
The axion has emerged in recent years as a leading particle candidate to provide the mysterious dark matter in the cosmos, as we review here for a general scientific audience. We describe first the historical roots of the axion in the Standard Model of particle physics and the problem of charge-parity invariance of the strong nuclear force. We then discuss how the axion emerges as a dark matter candidate, and how it is produced in the early Universe. The symmetry properties of the axion dictate the form of its interactions with ordinary matter. Astrophysical considerations restrict the particl…
The strong CP-violating parameter is small today as indicated by constraints on the neutron electric dipole moment. In the early universe, the QCD axion has not yet relaxed to its QCD-cancelling minimum and it is natural to wonder whether this large CP violation could be responsible for baryogenesis. We show that strong CP violation from the QCD axion can be responsible for the matter antimatter asymmetry of the universe in the context of cold electroweak (EW) baryogenesis if the EW phase transition is delayed below the GeV scale. This can occur naturally if the Higgs couples to a O(100) GeV d…
Heavy QCD Axions at High-Energy Muon Colliders
本文研究了高能μ子对撞机中重QCD轴子的物理潜力，通过反常胶子耦合解决强CP问题，并在3和10 TeV对撞机下分析双喷注共振特征，发现μ子对撞机能显著扩展对重QCD轴子的灵敏度。
A Common Origin for the QCD Axion and Sterile Neutrinos from $SU(5)$ Strong Dynamics
本文提出在 $SU(5)$ 手征规范理论中，QCD 轴子和右手中微子作为束缚态共同起源于强动力学的整体 PQ 对称性自发破缺，从而同时解释强 CP 问题并通过跷跷板机制或小质量混合自然地产生惰性中微子。
Cosmology of axion dark matter
本文综述轴子暗物质宇宙学，涵盖早期宇宙产生机制、轴子质量预言、宇宙学界限及直接与间接探测，为当前搜寻提供关键背景。
We investigate what it takes for the axion to address the strong CP problem in the presence of explicit Peccei-Quinn (PQ) symmetry breaking effects besides the strong interaction. In cases where the PQ-Higgsing scalar field directly couples to the Standard Model sector, it is pointed out that existing fifth force experiments can set better constraints on the axion quality over neutron electric dipole moment.
Discovery potential for axions in Hamburg
本研究回顾轴子研究动机、讨论基准轴子模型，并介绍汉堡地区正在开展及规划中的轴子实验的发现潜力。
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