Kuldeep Dixit, E. C. G. Sudarshan
Quantum channels can be mathematically represented as completely positive trace-preserving maps that act on a density matrix. A general quantum channel can be written as a convex sum of `extremal' channels. We show that for an $N$-level system, the extremal channel can be characterized in terms of $N^2$-$N$ real parameters coupled with rotations. We give a representation for $N$= 2, 3, 4.
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A generalized channel is a completely positive map that preserves trace on a given subspace. We find conditions under which a generalized channel with respect to a positively generated subspace J is an extreme point in the set of all such generalized channels. As a special case, this yields extremality conditions for quantum protocols. In particular, we obtain new extremality conditions for quantum 1-testers with 2 outcomes, which correspond to yes/no measurements on the set of quantum channels.
A measurement on a section K of the set of states of a finite dimensional C*-algebra is defined as an affine map from K to a probability simplex. Special cases of such sections are used in description of quantum networks, in particular quantum channels. Measurements on a section correspond to equivalence classes of so-called generalized POVMs, which are called quantum testers in the case of networks. We find extremality conditions for measurements on K and characterize generalized POVMs such that the corresponding measurement is extremal. These results are applied to the set of channels. We fi…
Characterising extremal decoherence by quantum measurement incompatibility
研究通过量子测量不相容性表征极端退相干，利用相容性区域比较噪声通道，将框架用于退相干通道，揭示特殊退相干效应，通过刚性扩张结构使相容性区域易处理，还从联合可测量性角度对SIC特殊作用进行表征并重新表述SIC存在问题。
Central Limit Theorem for Bosonic Quantum Channels
本文发展了中心极限定理到玻色量子通道的设置，通过该扩展深入理解了高斯玻色通道作为极值对象的本质，并通过该定理恢复了经典中心极限定理和玻色量子态的中心极限定理，从而提供了将经典概率理论与连续变量量子系统联系起来的统一视角。此外，利用该结果，我们能够提供物理系统（可能非高斯）的玻色量子通道必须满足的必要不确定性关系。作为我们极限定理的另一个应用，我们通过将其与关联的高斯玻色通道容量联系起来，推导了线性玻色通道在能量约束下的量子容量的紧下界，进一步强化了高斯通道作为极值对象的作用。
On the Extremality of the Tensor Product of Quantum Channels
本文研究量子信道（CPT、UCP、UCPT映射）在张量积下极值性的保持，证明CPT和UCP映射保持极值性，而UCPT映射不一定保持。
The quantum capacity of thermal noise channel is studied. The extremal input state is obtained at the postulation that the coherent information is convex or concave at its vicinity. When the input energy tends to infinitive, it is verified by perturbation theory that the coherent information reaches its maximum at the product of identical thermal state input. The quantum capacity is obtained for lower noise channel and it is equal the one shot capacity.
Operator-sum or Kraus representations for single-mode Bosonic Gaussian channels are developed, and several of their consequences explored. Kraus operators are employed to bring out the manner in which the unphysical matrix transposition map when accompanied by injection of a threshold classical noise becomes a physical channel. The action of the quantum-limited attenuator and amplifier channels as simply scaling maps on suitable quasi-probabilities in phase space is examined in the Kraus picture. Consideration of cumulants is used to examine the issue of fixed points. In the cases of entanglem…
Classification and implementation of unitary-equivariant and permutation-invariant quantum channels
本文分类了酉等变且置换不变的量子信道，通过极值点分解为酉Schur采样与不可约表示层信道，并给出流式实现，应用于态对称化、对称克隆和纯度放大，实现多项式时间及指数级内存改进。
We investigate the quantum capacity of noisy quantum channels which can be represented by coupling a system to an effectively small environment. A capacity formula is derived for all cases where both system and environment are two-dimensional--including all extremal qubit channels. Similarly, for channels acting on higher dimensional systems we show that the capacity can be determined if the channel arises from a sufficiently small coupling to a qubit environment. Extensions to instances of channels with larger environment are provided and it is shown that bounds on the capacity with unconstra…
We study subadditivity of the minimum output entropy ($H_{min}$) of quantum multiple access channels (MACs). We provide an example of violation of the additivity theorem for $H_{min}$ known in classical information theory. Our result is based on a fundamental property of $MACs$ i.e. independence of each sender. The channels used in the example can be constructed explicitly. On the basis of subadditivity of $H_{min}$ we also provide an example of extremal superadditivity (super activation) of the classical capacity region of MACs.
Convex sets of completely positive maps and positive semidefinite kernels are considered in the most general context of modules over $C^*$-algebras and a complete charaterization of their extreme points is obtained. As a byproduct, we determine extreme quantum instruments, preparations, channels, and extreme autocorrelation functions. Various applications to quantum information and measurement theories are given. The structure of quantum instruments is analyzed thoroughly.
One of the most challenging open problems in quantum information theory is to clarify and quantify how entanglement behaves when part of an entangled state is sent through a quantum channel. Of central importance in the description of a quantum channel or completely positive map (CP-map) is the dual state associated to it. The present paper is a collection of well-known, less known and new results on quantum channels, presented in a unified way. We will show how this dual state induces nice characterizations of the extremal maps of the convex set of CP-maps, and how normal forms for states def…
Motivated by the recent studies on post-quantum steering, we generalize the notion of bipartite channel steering by introducing the concept of multipartite no-signaling channel assemblages. We first show that beyond the bipartite case, the no-signaling and quantum descriptions of channel assemblages do not coincide. Using the Choi-Jamiołkowski isomorphism, we present a complete characterization of these classes of assemblages and use this characterization to provide sufficient conditions for extremality of quantum channel assemblages within the set of all no-signaling channel assemblages. Fina…
We develop a device-independent framework for testing quantum channels. That is, we falsify a hypothesis about a quantum channel based only on an observed set of input-output correlations. Formally, the problem consists of characterizing the set of input-output correlations compatible with any arbitrary given quantum channel. For binary (i.e., two input symbols, two output symbols) correlations, we show that extremal correlations are always achieved by orthogonal encodings and measurements, irrespective of whether or not the channel preserves commutativity. We further provide a full, closed-fo…
We consider properties of quantum channels with use of unified entropies. Extremal unravelings of quantum channel with respect to these entropies are examined. The concept of map entropy is extended in terms of the unified entropies. The map $(q,s)$-entropy is naturally defined as the unified $(q,s)$-entropy of rescaled dynamical matrix of given quantum channel. Inequalities of Fannes type are obtained for introduced entropies in terms of both the trace and Frobenius norms of difference between corresponding dynamical matrices. Additivity properties of introduced map entropies are discussed. T…
Surprisingly often decoherence is due to classical fluctuations of ambient fields and may thus be described in terms of random unitary (RU) dynamics. However, there are decoherence channels where such a representation cannot exist. Based on a simple and intuitive geometric measure for the distance of an extremal channel to the convex set of RU channels we are able to characterize the set of true quantum phase-damping channels. Remarkably, using the Caley-Menger determinant, our measure may be assessed directly from the matrix representation of the channel. We find that the channel of maximum q…
We will consider completely positive maps defined on tensor products of von Neumann algebras and taking values in the algebra of bounded operators on a Hilbert space and particularly certain convex subsets of the set of such maps. We show that when one of the marginal maps of such a map is an extremal point, then the marginals uniquely determine the map. We will further prove that when both of the marginals are extremal, then the whole map is extremal. We show that this general result is the common source of several well-known results dealing with, e.g., jointly measurable observables. We also…
Birkhoff's Theorem states that doubly stochastic matrices are convex combinations of permutation matrices. Quantum mechanically these matrices are doubly stochastic channels, i.e. they are completely positive maps preserving both the trace and the identity. We expect these channels to be convex combinations of unitary channels and yet it is known that some channels cannot be written that way. Recent work has suggested that $n$ copies of a single channel might approximate a mixture (convex combination) of unitaries. In this paper we show that $n(n+1)/2$ copies of a symmetric unital quantum chan…
Quantum-state transfer with fidelity higher than 0.99 can be achieved in the ballistic regime of an arbitrarily long one-dimensional chain with uniform nearest-neighbor interaction, except for the two pairs of mirror symmetric extremal bonds, say x (first and last) and y (second and last-but-one). These have to be roughly tuned to suitable values x ~ 2 N^{-1/3} and y ~ 2^{3/4} N^{-1/6}, N being the chain length. The general framework can describe the end-to-end response in different models, such as fermion or boson hopping models and XX spin chains.
We demonstrate how insights gained from reformulating the problem of quantum teleportation into one of reversing quantum operations, and designing optimum completely positive maps for teleportation, can enable one to explore optimal approximate reversal of quantum operations on a single qubit. In particular, we show that the optimal approximate reversal of a generalized depolarizing channel can be achieved using only unitary transformations. We also show that for a quantum channel, which reveals some information about the input state, extremal completely positive maps and not unitary transform…
We investigate the set of quantum channels acting on a single qubit. We provide an alternative, compact generalization of the Fujiwara-Algoet conditions for complete positivity to non-unital qubit channels, which we then use to characterize the possible geometric forms of the pure output of the channel. We provide universal sets of quantum channels for all unital qubit channels as well as for all extremal (not necessarily unital) qubit channels, in the sense that all qubit channels in these sets can be obtained by concatenation of channels in the corresponding universal set. We also show that …
To what extent does Noether's principle apply to quantum channels? Here, we quantify the degree to which imposing a symmetry constraint on quantum channels implies a conservation law, and show that this relates to physically impossible transformations in quantum theory, such as time-reversal and spin-inversion. In this analysis, the convex structure and extremal points of the set of quantum channels symmetric under the action of a Lie group $G$ becomes essential. It allows us to derive bounds on the deviation from conservation laws under any symmetric quantum channel in terms of the deviation …
CP$^{\infty}$ and beyond: 2-categorical dilation theory
本文通过对CPⁿ-构造进行水平范畴化，从冯·诺依曼代数相关的2-范畴[W*]中恢复了所有冯·诺依曼代数和信道的范畴，并扩展了Choi关于极值信道的刻画至任意冯·诺依曼代数。
We give a complete characterization for pure quantum measurements, i.e., for POVMs which are extremals in the convex set of all POVMs. Such measurements are free from classical noise. The characterization is valid both in discrete and continuous cases, and also in the case of an infinite Hilbert space. We show that sharp measurements are clean, i.e. they cannot be irreversibly connected to another POVMs via quantum channels and thus they are free from any additional quantum noise. We exhibit an example which demonstrates that this result could also be approximately true for pure measurements.
Refining transposition bounds from traceless quantum perturbations
该研究证明了在钻石范数下，转置映射的维度无关严格次乘法性，并给出了具体常数α=1/√2的验证。
We introduce the concept of boundariness capturing the most efficient way of expressing a given element of a convex set as a probability mixture of its boundary elements. In other words, this number measures (without the need of any explicit topology) how far the given element is from the boundary. It is shown that one of the elements from the boundary can be always chosen to be an extremal element. We focus on evaluation of this quantity for quantum sets of states, channels and observables. We show that boundariness is intimately related to (semi)norms that provide an operational interpretati…
Contraction and Expansion Values of Quantum Channels
研究引入收缩与扩张值，通过两个单调序列细化收缩和扩张系数，源于无迹厄米算子子空间的变分原理，可用于信道合成，建立其结构性质并计算单比特等信道的值。
Local certification of unitary operations
本文研究了量子通道的局部验证问题，通过单向经典通信和辅助系统优化，证明局部策略在多数情况下最优，但某些极端情况下可能失效。
Essential Duality and Quantitative Channel Composability in Algebraic Quantum Field Theory
本文通过加法性证明，在代数量子场论中，最大von Neumann代数扩展为A(O)'，并探讨本质对偶作为操作最大性条件的核心贡献。
In quantum mechanics the statistics of the outcomes of a measuring apparatus is described by a positive operator valued measure (POVM). A quantum channel transforms POVM's into POVM's, generally irreversibly, thus loosing some of the information retrieved from the measurement. This poses the problem of which POVM's are "undisturbed", namely they are not irreversibly connected to another POVM. We will call such POVM clean. In a sense, the clean POVM's would be "perfect", since they would not have any additional "extrinsical" noise. Quite unexpectedly, it turns out that such cleanness property i…
One of the most fundamental questions in quantum information theory is PPT-entanglement of quantum states, which is an NP-hard problem in general. In this paper, however, we prove that all PPT $(\overlineπ_A\otimes π_B)$-invariant quantum states are separable if and only if all extremal unital positive $(π_B,π_A)$-covariant maps are decomposable where $π_A,π_B$ are unitary representations of a compact group and $π_A$ is irreducible. Moreover, an extremal unital positive $(π_B,π_A)$-covariant map $\mathcal{L}$ is decomposable if and only if $\mathcal{L}$ is completely positive or completely cop…
Extreme quantum states and processes, and extreme points of general spectrahedra in finite dimensional algebras
本文刻画了一般谱面体的极值点及相应算子秩的界限，应用于量子态、信道和测量等集合，推导出Choi和Parhasarathy等经典结果，并提出了具有一般仿射约束归一化的POVMs概念及其极值刻画。
Quantum Černý complexity of binary words
本文引入二元词的量子Černý复杂度，证明其界为二次方节省，并揭示与经典情形及描述复杂性的反直觉关系，同时研究纯态目标变体及可计算性。
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