超软X射线源的总体：新星、潮汐破裂、Ia型超新星、吸积引起的坍缩、电离和中等质量黑洞？
Populations of Supersoft X-ray Sources: Novae, tidal disruption, Type Ia supernovae, accretion-induced collapse, ionization, and intermediate-mass black holes?
摘要：
对外星系中数百个超软X射线源（SSS）的观测揭示了该类源的多样性和源的性质。SSS与Ia型超新星和吸积诱导的坍缩、超亮X射线源和黑洞、星际介质的电离以及超大质量黑洞引起的潮汐破坏的物理学有关。这类SSS有一个扩展到更高的光度：超亮SSS的光度超过10^39 erg/s。还有一个更高能量的延伸：准软X射线源（QSS）发射能量高于1 eV的光子，但很少或没有能量高于2 keV的光子。最后，在外部星系中发现的SSS中有很大一部分在观测之间切换状态，成为准软或硬。对于许多系统来说，“超软”指的是一个临时状态; SSS是源，可能包括各种根本不同的系统类型，通过这种状态。我们回顾这些结果来自河外的数据和相关的理论工作，是最令人惊讶的，并建议未来的研究方向。
英文摘要：
Observations of hundreds of supersoft x-ray sources (SSSs) in external galaxies have shed light on the diversity of the class and on the natures of the sources. SSSs are linked to the physics of Type Ia supernovae and accretion-induced collapse, ultraluminous x-ray sources and black holes, the ionization of the interstellar medium, and tidal disruption by supermassive black holes. The class of SSSs has an extension to higher luminosities: ultraluminous SSSs have luminosities above 10^39 erg/s. There is also an extension to higher energies: quasisoft x-ray sources (QSSs) emit photons with energies above 1 eV, but few or none with energies above 2 keV. Finally, a significant fraction of the SSSs found in external galaxies switch states between observations, becoming either quasisoft or hard. For many systems ``supersoft'' refers to a temporary state; SSSs are sources, possibly including a variety of fundamentally different system types, that pass through such a state. We review those results derived from extragalactic data and related theoretical work that are most surprising and that suggest directions for future research.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
