量子物理学中的时间：从外部参数到内在可观察性
Time in quantum physics: From an external parameter to an intrinsic observable
摘要：
在薛定谔方程中，时间作为一个外参数起着特殊的作用。我们表明，在一个扩大的系统中，时间变量表示一个额外的自由度，薛定谔方程的解决方案产生的权重的扩大代数的观测。相关GNS表示中的状态对应于由完全正的单位保持映射组成的原始代数上的状态。应用这个地图的功能的时间运营商的大系统提供了积极的运营商价值的地图，这是以前提出的我们两个时间可观的。作为一个例子，我们讨论了应用这种形式主义的惠勒-德威特理论的标量场的罗伯逊-沃克时空。
英文摘要：
In the Schroedinger equation, time plays a special role as an external parameter. We show that in an enlarged system where the time variable denotes an additional degree of freedom, solutions of the Schroedinger equation give rise to weights on the enlarged algebra of observables. States in the associated GNS representation correspond to states on the original algebra composed with a completely positive unit preserving map. Application of this map to the functions of the time operator on the large system delivers the positive operator valued maps which were previously proposed by two of us as time observables. As an example we discuss the application of this formalism to the Wheeler-DeWitt theory of a scalar field on a Robertson-Walker spacetime.
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