来自月球的科学：NASA/NLSI Lunar天体物理学研究大学网络（LUNAR）
Science from the Moon: The NASA/NLSI Lunar University Network for Astrophysics Research (LUNAR)
摘要：
月球是对引力、太阳和宇宙进行基本天体物理测量的独特平台。由于没有永久的电离层，而且在月球的另一面，由于没有地面无线电辐射的屏蔽，月球上的射电望远镜将成为一个无与伦比的日光层和天体物理观测站。可以对太阳附近粒子加速的关键阶段进行成像和跟踪。在第一批恒星形成之前和形成期间，宇宙的演化将被追踪，产生高精度的宇宙学约束。月球激光测距的地月距离提供了极高的精度限制在广义相对论和替代模型的重力，也揭示了有关月球内部结构的细节。为了提供更多关于月球作为科学平台的观点，本白皮书介绍了由NLSI资助的LUNAR财团正在进行的月球天体物理学这些领域的关键研究项目。美国宇航局月球科学研究所（NLSI）最近资助了7个主要以大学为基础的团队，以研究月球的科学。NLSI选择了LUNAR联盟进行天体物理学研究和教育，重点是最有效地利用月球表面站点的关键，独特的仪器-低频太阳物理学和宇宙学以及月球激光测距。我们将这份白皮书提交给行星科学十年调查，通过描述我们的LUNAR关键项目，为月球在天体物理学和引力物理学领域进行尖端研究的价值提供额外的视角。这一月球天体物理学计划补充并利用了未来几十年月球上预期的科学基础设施。
英文摘要：
The Moon is a unique platform for fundamental astrophysical measurements of gravitation, the Sun, and the Universe. Lacking a permanent ionosphere and, on the farside, shielded from terrestrial radio emissions, a radio telescope on the Moon will be an unparalleled heliospheric and astrophysical observatory. Crucial stages in particle acceleration near the Sun can be imaged and tracked. The evolution of the Universe before and during the formation of the first stars will be traced, yielding high precision cosmological constraints. Lunar Laser Ranging of the Earth-Moon distance provides extremely high precision constraints on General Relativity and alternative models of gravity, and also reveals details about the interior structure of the Moon. With the aim of providing additional perspective on the Moon as a scientific platform, this white paper describes key research projects in these areas of astrophysics from the Moon that are being undertaken by the NLSI-funded LUNAR consortium. The NASA Lunar Science Institute (NLSI) recently funded 7 mostly university-based teams to study science of, on, and from the Moon. The LUNAR consortium was selected by the NLSI for astrophysical research and education that focuses on the key, unique instruments that most effectively take scientific advantage of sites on the lunar surface - low frequency heliophysics and cosmology, and lunar laser ranging. We are submitting this white paper to the Planetary Sciences Decadal Survey to provide additional perspective on the value of Moon for conducting cutting-edge research in astrophysics and gravitational physics by describing our key projects for LUNAR. This program of astrophysics from the Moon complements as well as takes advantage of expected scientific infrastructure on the Moon during the next few decades.
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