Based on a set of over 100 medium- to high-resolution optical spectra collected from 2003 to 2009, we investigate the properties of the O-type star population in NGC6611 in the core of the Eagle Nebula (M16). Using a much more extended data set than previously available, we revise the spectral classification and multiplicity status of the nine O-type stars in our sample. We confirm two suspected binaries and derive the first SB2 orbital solutions for two systems. We further report that two other objects are displaying a composite spectrum, suggesting possible long-period binaries. Our analysis is supported by a set of Monte-Carlo simulations, allowing us to estimate the detection biases of our campaign and showing that the latter do not affect our conclusions. The absolute minimal binary fraction in our sample is f_min=0.44 but could be as high as 0.67 if all the binary candidates are confirmed. As in NGC6231 (see Paper I), up to 75% of the O star population in NGC6611 are found in an O+OB system, thus implicitly excluding random pairing from a classical IMF as a process to describe the companion association in massive binaries. No statistical difference could be further identified in the binary fraction, mass-ratio and period distributions between NGC6231 and NGC6611, despite the difference in age and environment of the two clusters.
Pre-main sequence stars with disks in the Eagle Nebula observed in scattered light
NGC 6611和它的母云鹰星云(M16)是被充分研究的恒星形成区域,这要归功于它们的大量OB星和带盘恒星以及观测到的正在进行的恒星形成。我们确定了834个与云相关的盘状恒星,在检测到它们在近红外波段从J波段到8.0微米的过度之后。在本文中,我们详细研究了一个子样本的盘轴承星,显示出独特的特性的性质。它们在V与V-I图中看起来比其他成员更老,和/或它们在纯光球值下具有一种或多种IRAC颜色,尽管在光学和红外颜色比较时显示出NIR过量。我们通过光谱分析确认了这些恒星属于M16。通过比较它们的光谱能量分布(SED)与由具有盘和包层的T-Tauri星模型预测的SED,研究了这些具有盘的星的物理性质。我们表明,这些恒星的年龄估计从V与V-I图是不可靠的,因为他们的V-I颜色被改变的光散射到视线的磁盘。只有在少数情况下,它们的SED与由光学遮蔽引起的V波段过量的模型兼容。候选成员的磁盘和光球IRAC颜色的选择所使用的近红外磁盘诊断,这是敏感的适度过度,如低质量的磁盘所产生的。在这些情况中的1/3,也可以调用磁盘的恒星通量散射。由星盘颗粒散射到视线中的光球光会影响由光度光学和近红外数据推导II类恒星的物理参数。此外,我们定义的盘诊断是有用的选择与磁盘的恒星,即使是那些适度过度或其光学颜色被改变的面纱或光球散射光。
Co-spatial Long-slit UV/Optical Spectra of Ten Galactic Planetary Nebulae with HST/STIS II. Nebular Models, Central Star Properties and He+CNO Synthesis
The outflows and 3D structure of NGC 6337, a planetary nebula with a close binary nucleus
NGC 6337是一个罕见的行星状星云,其中一个近距离双星核已被确定。星云的形态和发射线轮廓都是不寻常的,特别是后者。我们提出了一个彻底的映射的空间分辨,长缝阶梯光谱获得的星云,允许其复杂的运动学的详细特征。这些信息,连同窄带图像被用来产生一个三维模型的星云使用的代码形状。三维模型产生了一个缓慢膨胀的环形体,在其外围有很大的密度波动,被观察为彗星结。低电离的双极膨胀帽系统位于环形线圈外部。此外,一个扩展的高速和纤细的双极准直流出被发现出现从核心和急剧弯曲在相反的方向,一个行为,不能占纯磁发射和准直,除非流出的源是旋进或旋转,可以预期从一个密切的二元核。
We present a detailed comparative study of the arcs and fragmented ring-like features in the haloes of the planetary nebulae (PNe) NGC 6543, NGC 7009, and NGC 7027 and the spiral pattern around the carbon star AFGL 3068 using high-quality multi-epoch HST images. This comparison allows us to investigate the connection and possible evolution between the regular patterns surrounding AGB stars and the irregular concentric patterns around PNe. The radial proper motion of these features, ~15 km/s, are found to be consistent with the AGB wind and their linear sizes and inter-lapse times (500-1900 yr)…
The planetary nebula known as the Cat's Eye Nebula (NGC 6543) has a complex, point-symmetric morphology that cannot be fully explained by the current theory of planetary nebula formation, the Interacting Stellar Winds Model. In order to reveal the three dimensional (3D) structure of the Cat's Eye Nebula, we created a detailed 3D morpho-kinematic model of this nebula using a [NII] image from the Hubble Space Telescope and five different position-velocity diagrams using the SHAPE code. This modeling approach has revealed point-symmetric partial rings, which were likely formed by a precessing jet…
We present high-resolution, long-slit optical spectra and images of the planetary nebula NGC1514. The position velocity maps of the [OIII] emission line reveal complex kinematics with multiple structures. A morpho-kinematical analysis suggests an inner shell, originally spherical and now distorted by several bubbles, and an attached outer shell. The two well-defined, mid-infrared rings of NGC1514 are not detected in our high-resolution, long-slit spectra, which prevented us from doing a kinematical analysis of them. Based exclusively on their morphology, we propose a barrel-like structure to e…
The open cluster (OC) NGC 2453 is of particular importance since it has been considered to host the planetary nebula (PN) NGC 2452, however their distances and radial velocities are strongly contested. In order to obtain a complete picture of the fundamental parameters of the OC NGC 2453, 11 potential members were studied. The results allowed us to resolve the PN NGC 2452 membership debate. Radial velocities for the 11 stars in NGC 2453 and the PN were measured and matched with Gaia data release 2 (DR2) to estimate the cluster distance. In addition, we used deep multi-band UBVRI photometry to …
The Ionization State of the Halo Planetary Nebula NGC 2438
NGC 2438是一个典型的多壳或晕行星状星云(PN)。它的中心恒星和主星云被很好地研究。它也是各种流体动力学模拟的目标(Corradi等人,2000年)。这引发了关于晕圈是否主要含有重组气体的讨论(Schoenberner等人,2002年),或者它们是否仍然是电离的(Armsdorfer等人,2003年)。对多个狭缝位置的窄带图像和长狭缝光谱进行了分析,以更深入地了解外壳和晕的形态细节和性质。在这项工作中,有来自ESO(直接成像和长缝光谱)和SAAO(使用小缝扫描整个星云的光谱观测)的数据。使用从发射线的温度测量结果在电子温度,这清楚地表明一个完全电离的阶段。此外,电子密度的测量表明填充因子的变化。
We present the analysis of the planetary nebula (PN) NGC 2371 around the [Wolf-Rayet] ([WR]) star WD 0722$+$295. Our Isaac Newton Telescope (INT) Intermediate Dispersion Spectrograph (IDS) spectra, in conjunction with archival optical and UV images, unveil in unprecedented detail the high-ionisation of NGC 2371. The nebula has an apparent multipolar morphology, with two pairs of lobes protruding from a barrel-like central cavity, a pair of dense low-ionisation knots misaligned with the symmetry axis embedded within the central cavity, and a high excitation halo mainly detected in He II. The ab…
We present analysis of a second observation of the young planetary nebula (PN) NGC 7027 by the Chandra X-ray Observatory. This latest 59.2 ks exposure with ACIS-S was acquired approximately 14 years after the initial 18.2 ks ACIS-S observation, and the improved photon statistics allow us to perform a detailed spatial and spectral analysis of the X-ray emission. Comparison with multiwavelength imaging of NGC 7027 reveals a strong anti-correlation between extinction across the nebula and the soft band X-ray emission. Dissecting the X-ray emission into low- and high-extinction regions results in …
Context. NGC 40 is a planetary nebula with diffuse X-ray emission, suggesting an interaction of the high speed wind from WC8 central star (CS) with the nebula. It shows strong Civ 1550 Å emission that cannot be explained by thermal processes alone. We present here the first map of this nebula in C IV emission, using broad band filters on the UVIT. Aims. To map the hot C IV emitting gas and its correspondence with soft X-ray (0.3-8 keV) emitting regions, in order to study the shock interaction with the nebula and the ISM. This also illustrates the potential of UVIT for nebular studies. Methods.…
We present the results of a comprehensive, near-UV-to-near-IR Hubble Space Telescope WFC3 imaging study of the young planetary nebula (PN) NGC 6302, the archetype of the class of extreme bi-lobed, pinched-waist PNe that are rich in dust and molecular gas. The new WFC3 emission-line image suite clearly defines the dusty toroidal equatorial structure that bisects NGC 6302's polar lobes, and the fine structures (clumps, knots, and filaments) within the lobes. The most striking aspect of the new WFC3 image suite is the bright, S-shaped 1.64 micron [Fe II] emission that traces the southern interior…
We provide an overview of Science Verification MUSE observations of NGC 2070, the central region of the Tarantula Nebula in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Integral-field spectroscopy of the central 2' x 2' region provides the first complete spectroscopic census of its massive star content, nebular conditions and kinematics. The star-formation surface density of NGC 2070 is reminiscent of the intense star-forming knots of high-redshift galaxies, with nebular conditions similar to low-redshift Green Pea galaxies, some of which are Lyman continuum leakers. Uniquely, MUSE permits the star-formation h…
Young planetary nebulae (PNe) retain a large amount of neutral material that was shed in the previous asymptotic giant branch stage. The thick H I region in young PNe can be effectively probed by illuminating far UV radiation that may be inelastically scattered to appear in the optical region. Raman-scattered features are unique spectroscopic tracers of neutral regions that can be used to investigate the mass-loss process in young PNe. We conduct high resolution spectroscopy of young PNe using BOES (the Bohyunsan Observatory Echelle Spectrograph) and report the discovery of a Raman-scattered H…
The iconic planetary nebula (PN) NGC 7027 is bright, nearby (D ~ 1 kpc), highly ionized, intricately structured, and well observed. This nebula is hence an ideal case study for understanding PN shaping and evolution processes. Accordingly, we have conducted a comprehensive imaging survey of NGC 7027 comprised of twelve HST Wide Field Camera 3 images in narrow-band and continuum filters spanning the wavelength range 0.243--1.67 microns. The resulting panchromatic image suite reveals the spatial distributions of emission lines covering low-ionization species such as singly ionized Fe, N, and Si,…
Jets (fast collimated outflows) are claimed to be the main shaping agent of the most asymmetric planetary nebula (PNe) as they impinge on the circumstellar material at late stages of the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) phase. The first jet detected in a PN was that of NGC 2392, yet there is no available image because its low surface brightness contrast with the bright nebular emission. Here we take advantage from the tomographic capabilities of GTC MEGARA high-dispersion integral field spectroscopic observations of the jet in NGC 2392 to gain unprecedented details of its morphology and kinematic…
High nitrogen abundance is characteristic of Type I planetary nebulae as well as their highly filamentary structure. In the present work we test the hypothesis of shocks as a relevant excitation mechanism for a Type-I nebula, NGC 6302, using recently released diagnostic diagrams to distinguish shocks from photoexcitation. The construction of diagrams depends on emission line ratios and kinematical information. NGC 6302 shows the relevance of shocks in peripheral regions and the importance to the whole nebula. Using shocks, we question the usual assumption of ICF calculation, justifying a warni…
We use the Green Bank Telescope to search for $^3He^+$ emission from a sample of four Galactic planetary nebulae: NGC 3242, NGC 6543, NGC 6826, and NGC 7009. During the era of primordial nucleosynthesis the light elements $^2H$, $^3He$, $^4He$, and $^7Li$ were produced in significant amounts and these abundances have since been modified primarily by stars. Observations of $^3He^+$ in H II regions located throughout the Milky Way disk reveal very little variation in the $^3He/H$ abundance ratio -- the "$^3He$ Plateau" -- indicating that the net effect of $^3He$ production in stars is negligible…