Francesca Aicardi
There is a natural way to associate with a transformation of an isotopy class of rational tangles to another, an element of the modular group. The correspondence between the isotopy classes of rational tangles and rational numbers follows, as well as the relation with the braid group $B_3$.
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In this paper, We introduce an invariant of rational n-tangles which is obtained from the Kauffman bracket. It forms a vector with Laurent polynomial entries. We prove that the invariant classifies the rational 2-tangles and the reduced alternating rational 3-tangles. We conjecture that it classifies the rational 3-tangles as well.
We note that a rational $3$-tangle diagram is obtained from a combination of four generators. There is an algorithm to distinguish two rational $3$-tangle diagrams up to isotopy. However, there is no perfect classification about rational $3$-tangle diagrams such as the classification of rational $2$-tangle diagrams corresponding to rational numbers. In this paper, we classify a large set of rational $3$-tangles which are generated by only three generators.
An important issue in classifying the rational $3$-tangle is how to know whether or not the given tangle is the trivial rational 3-tangle called $\infty$-tangle. The author\cite{1} provided a certain algorithm to detect the $\infty$-tangle. In this paper, we give a much simpler method to detect the $\infty$-tangle by using the $\textit{bridge arc replacement}$. We hope that this method can help prove many application problems such as the classification of $3$-bridge knots.
In this paper, we define the \textit{normal form} of collections of disjoint three \textit{bridge arcs} for a given rational $3$-tangle. We show that there is a sequence of \textit{normal jump moves} which leads one to the other for two normal forms of the same rational 3-tangle.
We show that under certain conditions the flyping operation on rational tangles, which produces topologically isotopic tangles, may also produce tangles which are not Legendrian isotopic when viewed in the standard contact structure on $\mathbb{R}^3$. This work is motivated by questions posed by Traynor, and incorporates techniques inspired by work of Eliashberg and Fraser. The proofs within employ a new method of diagramming rational tangles which is also used to easily describe the characteristic foliations of compressing discs for their complements.
Recently Iltgen, Lewark and Marino introduced the concept of a proper rational tangle replacement and the corresponding notion of the proper rational unknotting number. In this note we derive a version of the Montesinos trick for proper rational tangle replacement and use it to study knots with proper rational unknotting number one. We prove that knots with proper rational unknotting number one are prime and classify the alternating knots with proper rational unknotting number one. We also study Montesinos knots with proper rational unknotting number one.
We use Kauffman's bracket polynomial to define a complex-valued invariant of virtual rational tangles that generalizes the well-known fraction invariant for classical rational tangles. We provide a recursive formula for computing the invariant, and use it to compute several examples.
We show that if a composite $θ$-curve has (proper rational) unknotting number one, then it is the order 2 sum of a (proper rational) unknotting number one knot and a trivial $θ$-curve. We also prove similar results for 2-strand tangles and knotoids.
A natural generalization of a crossing change is a rational subtangle replacement (RSR). We characterize the fundamental situation of the rational tangles obtained from a given rational tangle via RSR, building on work of Berge and Gabai, and determine the sites where these RSR may occur. In addition we also determine the sites for RSR distance at least two between 2-bridge links. These proofs depend on the geometry of the branched double cover. Furthermore, we classify all knots in lens spaces whose exteriors are generalized Seifert fibered spaces and their lens space surgeries, extending wor…
A $3$-$tangle$ $T$ is the disjoint union of $3$ properly embedded arcs in the unit 3-ball; it is called rational if there is a homeomorphism of pairs from $(B^3,T)$ to $(D^2\times I,\{x_1,x_2,x_3\}\times I)$. Two rational 3-tangles $T$ and $T'$ are isotopic if there is an orientation-preserving self-homeomorphism $h: (B^3, T)\rightarrow (B^3,T')$ that is the identity map on the boundary. In this paper, we give an algorithm to check whether or not two rational 3-tangles are isotopic by using a modified version of Dehn's method for classifying simple closed curves on surfaces.
Tangle Equations, the Jones conjecture, slopes of surfaces in tangle complements, and q-deformed rationals
本文研究2-缠结方程组的解的唯一性，证明带标架有理解至多一个，并指出Jones解结猜想蕴含一般唯一性；同时引入Kauffman括号比并猜想其与曲面斜率及q-有理数的关系，还关联了两个著名猜想。
In the present paper, we build a bridge between Conway-Coxeter friezes and rational tangles through the Kauffman bracket polynomials. One can compute a Kauffman bracket polynomials attached to rational links by using Conway-Coxeter friezes. As an application one can give a complete invariant on Conway-Coxeter friezes of zigzag-type.
The protein recombinase can change the knot type of circular DNA. The action of a recombinase converting one knot into another knot is normally mathematically modeled by band surgery. Band surgeries on a 2-bridge knot N((4mn-1)/(2m)) yielding a (2,2k)-torus link are characterized. We apply this and other rational tangle surgery results to analyze Xer recombination on DNA catenanes using the tangle model for protein-bound DNA.
A classification of rational 3-tangles
本文通过定义有理3-缠结关于固定双穿孔圆盘的正规形式与极小正规坐标，证明相关单纯复形可缩，并据此选取代表坐标，实现了有理3-缠结的合痕分类。
Let $F$ be an incompressible, meridionally incompressible and not boundary-parallel surface with boundary in the complement of an algebraic tangle $(B,T)$. Then $F$ separates the strings of $T$ in $B$ and the boundary slope of $F$ is uniquely determined by $(B,T)$ and hence we can define the slope of the algebraic tangle. In addition to the Conway's tangle sum, we define a natural product of two tangles. The slopes and binary operation on algebraic tangles lead an algebraic structure which is isomorphic to the rational numbers. We introduce a new knot and link class, algebraically alternating …
This paper gives two new combinatorial topological proofs of the classification of rational tangles. Each proof rests on an elegant lemma showing that rational tangles are isotopic to canonical alternating rational tangles. The first proof defines the tangle fraction from the canonical form and uses flyping to prove invariance. The second proof defines the fraction of a rational tangle via integral coloring of the tangle. The coloring method is then used to prove the Kauffman-Harary coloring conjecture for alternating knots and links in the case of rational knots and links (closures of rationa…
In the complement of a hyperbolic Montesinos knot with 4 rational tangles, we investigate the number of closed, connected, essential, orientable surfaces of a fixed genus $g$, up to isotopy. We show that there are exactly 12 genus 2 surfaces and $8ϕ(g - 1)$ surfaces of genus greater than 2, where $ϕ(g - 1)$ is the Euler totient function of $g - 1$. Observe that this count is independent of the number of crossings of the knot. Moreover, this class of knots form an infinite class of hyperbolic 3-manifolds and the result applies to all such knot complements.
This paper is an introduction to rational tangles, rational knots and links and their applications to DNA. The paper can be read as an introduction to our more technical papers on rational tangles (math.GT/0311499) and on rational knots (math.GT/0212011). The present paper includes a self-contained account of the tangle fraction from the point of view of the bracket polynomial, accounts of the classification theorems for rational tangles and rational knots (and of our new proofs of these results) and a description of the use of rational tangles in studying DNA recombination.
Minimal $\mathfrak{sl}_N$ Complexes of Rational Tangles via the Fukaya Category
该研究利用3穿孔圆盘的拓扑Fukaya范畴计算定向有理缠结的极小$\frak{sl}_N$复形，证明其稳定化后可定义有理缠结的HOMFLY-PT同调。
We introduce the notion of rational links in the solid torus. We show that rational links in the solid torus are fully characterized by rational tangles, and hence by the continued fraction of the rational tangle. Furthermore, we generalize this by giving an infinite family of ambient isotopy invariants of colored diagrams in the Kauffman bracket skein module of an oriented surface.
We use categorical skew Howe duality to find recursion rules that compute categorified sl(N) invariants of rational tangles colored by exterior powers of the standard representation. Further, we offer a geometric interpretation of these rules which suggests a connection to Floer theory. Along the way we make progress towards two conjectures about the colored HOMFLY homology of rational links.
We show that the Khovanov complex of a rational tangle has a very simple representative whose backbone of non-zero morphisms forms a zig-zag. Furthermore, this minimal complex can be computed quickly by an inductive algorithm. (For example, we calculate $Kh(8_2)$ by hand.) We find that the bigradings of the subobjects in these minimal complexes can be described by matrix actions, which after a change of basis is the reduced Burau representation of $B_3$.
A Geometric Approach to the Links-Quivers Correspondence I: Rational Tangles
本文通过几何方法证明了有理结的链接-有向图对应关系，利用绕数和配置空间描述了对应的有向图结构。
This paper gives infinitely many examples of unknot diagrams that are hard, in the sense that the diagrams need to be made more complicated by Reidemeister moves before they can be simplified. In order to construct these diagrams, we prove theorems characterizing when the numerator of the sum of two rational tangles is an unknot. The key theorem shows that the numerator of the sum of two rational tangles [P/Q] and [R/S] is unknotted if and only if PS + QR has absolute value equal to 1. The paper uses these results in studying processive DNA recombination, finding minimal size unknot diagrams, …
Taffy, Trees, and Tangles
本文探讨了扭绳机、分数树和有理结之间的关系，提出了扭绳类比并建立了有理结与扭绳操作的几何联系。
We classify 3-braids up to (2,2)-move equivalence and in particular we show how to adjust the Harikae-Nakanishi-Uchida conjecture so it holds for closed 3-braids. As important steps to classify 3-braids up to (2,2)-move equivalence we prove the conjecture for 2-algebraic links and classify (2,2)-equivalence classes for links up to nine crossings. We analyze the behavior of Kei (involutive quandle) associated to a link under (2,2)-moves. We construct Burnside Kei, Q(m,n), and ask the question, motivated by classical Burnside question: for which values of m and n, is Q(m,n) finite?
Conway Rational Tangles and the Thompson Group
本文通过 Conway 有理缠绕的视角，研究如何系统地寻找 Thompson 群元素以生成特定纽结或链环，并给出了构造简单缠绕乘积或拼接的方法，为 skein 理论化的构造问题提供基础。
Boring is an operation which converts a knot or two-component link in a 3--manifold into another knot or two-component link. It generalizes rational tangle replacement and can be described as a type of 2--handle attachment. Sutured manifold theory is used to study the existence of essential spheres and planar surfaces in the exteriors of knots and links obtained by boring a split link. It is shown, for example, that if the boring operation is complicated enough, a split link or unknot cannot be obtained by boring a split link. Particular attention is paid to rational tangle replacement. If a k…
From the link Floer complex of a link $K$, we extract a lower bound $t_q'(K)$ for the rational unknotting number of $K$ (i.e. the minimum number of rational replacements required to unknot $K$). Moreover, we show that the torsion obstruction $t_q(K)=\hat{t}(K)$ from an earlier paper of Alishahi and the author is a lower bound for the proper rational unknotting number. Moreover, $t_q(K\#K')=\max\{t_q(K),t_q(K')\}$ and $t'_q(K\#K')=\max\{t'_q(K),t'_q(K')\}$. For the torus knot $K=T_{p,pk+1}$ we compute $t'_q(K)=\lfloor p/2\rfloor$ and $t_q(K)=p-1$.
Khovanov homology and rational unknotting
本文提出一个基于 Khovanov 同调的新不变量 $λ$，用于下界估计有理 unknotting 数，并构造了具有任意非负整数值的结示例。
Upsilon is a homomorphism on the smooth concordance group of knots defined by Ozsváth, Stipsicz and Szabó. In this paper, we define a generalization of upsilon for a family of embedded graphs in rational homolog spheres. We show that our invariant will induce a homomorphism on the homology cobordism group of homology cylinders, and present some applications. To define this invariant, we use tangle Floer homology. We lift relative gradings on tangle Floer homology to absolute gradings (for certain tangles) and prove a concatenation formula for it.
Skein exact triangles in knot Floer homology
本文为链环Floer同调构造新的skein精确三角族，由有理缠结三元组描述，并建立框架以推广至任意有理缠结三元组。
Affine representations of rational and pretzel knots
本文利用取值于奇异向量丛跨范畴的 TQFT，构造有理与 pretzel 缠绕及纽结群到 AGL(1,C) 的仿射表示，给出 Alexander 多项式闭式、零点界，并分析 t=-1 时的着色。
Families of alternating knots (links) and tangles are studied using as building block the conway defined as the twisting of two strands. The regular representation of knots assumes the projection has the minimal number of overpassings, and the minimal number of conways. The continued fraction associated to rational knots is represented by gaussian brackets and products of 2-dimensional matrices. This gives birth to an algebra of rational knots and tangles which is easily generalized to alternating knots. A collection of 65 families of prime alternating knots with one to six conways is found. E…
A preorder on the set of links with applications to symmetric unions
本文定义了链接的π- orbifold群，并探讨了链接之间的偏序关系，证明了特定条件下链接的结构特性，并应用该理论分析了对称联结的性质。
We give formulas for the Whitehead groups and the rational $K$-theory groups of the (integer group ring of the) Hilbert modular group in terms of its maximal finite subgroups.
Transposes in the $q$-deformed modular group and their applications to $q$-deformed rational numbers
本文在 $q$-形变模群中引入矩阵的 $q$-转置，用于细化 $q$-形变有理数理论，并给出迹的回文性与符号一致性定理的新证明及左 $q$-形变有理数的相关判据。
We formulate the unitary rational orbifold conformal field theories in the algebraic quantum field theory framework. Under general conditions, we show that the orbifold of a given unitary rational conformal field theories generates a unitary modular category. Many new unitary modular categories are obtained. We also show that the irreducible representations of orbifolds of rank one lattice vertex operator algebras give rise to unitary modular categories and determine the corresponding modular matrices, which has been conjectured for some time.
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