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arXiv 0908.1818astro-ph.COastro-ph.IM
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三叶草类星体周围的温暖分子气体

The Warm Molecular Gas Around the Cloverleaf Quasar

C. M. Bradford, J. E. Aguirre, R. Aikin, J. J. Bock, L. Earle, J. Glenn, H. Inami, P. R. Maloney, H. Matsuhara, B. J. Naylor, H. T. Nguyen, J. Zmuidzinas

摘要:

我们提出了第一个宽带λ = 1毫米光谱向z=2.56立体叶类星体,获得了Z规格,一个1毫米光栅摄谱仪上的10.4米加州理工学院亚毫米天文台。190-305 GHz的观测波段对应于静止帧272至444微米,我们测量了尘埃连续体以及位于该范围内的一氧化碳(CO)的所有四个跃迁。幂律尘埃辐射,F_nu = 14 mJy(nu/240 GHz)^[3.9]与已发表的连续谱测量结果一致。CO J=6->5、J=8->7和J=9->8测量是第一次,现在提供了该源中最高的J CO信息。我们测得的CO强度非常接近以前发表的干涉测量J=7->6,我们使用所有可用的转换和我们的13 CO上限,以限制在立体式分子气体盘的物理条件。我们发现了一个大质量(2- 50 × 10^9兆太阳)的高激发态气体,其热压力nT > 10^6 Kcm^-3。总CO冷却的远红外尘埃排放的比例超过在本地的尘埃星系,我们调查这大部分温暖的分子气体的潜在热源。我们的结论是,紫外光子和X射线可能有助于,并讨论了在X射线照射的星爆中产生的头重脚轻的恒星初始质量函数的影响。最后,我们提出了光谱中其他物种的初步鉴定,包括在λ_rest = 303微米处可能检测到H2O 2_0,2-> 1_1,1跃迁。

英文摘要:

We present the first broadband lambda = 1 mm spectrum toward the z=2.56 Cloverleaf Quasar, obtained with Z-Spec, a 1-mm grating spectrograph on the 10.4-meter Caltech Submillimeter Observatory. The 190-305 GHz observation band corresponds to rest-frame 272 to 444 microns, and we measure the dust continuum as well as all four transitions of carbon monoxide (CO) lying in this range. The power-law dust emission, F_nu = 14 mJy (nu/240GHz)^3.9 is consistent with the published continuum measurements. The CO J=6->5, J=8->7, and J=9->8 measurements are the first, and now provide the highest-J CO information in this source. Our measured CO intensities are very close to the previously-published interferometric measurements of J=7->6, and we use all available transitions and our 13CO upper limits to constrain the physical conditions in the Cloverleaf molecular gas disk. We find a large mass (2-50x10^9 Msun) of highly-excited gas with thermal pressure nT > 10^6 Kcm^-3. The ratio of the total CO cooling to the far-IR dust emission exceeds that in the local dusty galaxies, and we investigate the potential heating sources for this bulk of warm molecular gas. We conclude that both UV photons and X-rays likely contribute, and discuss implications for a top-heavy stellar initial mass function arising in the X-ray-irradiated starburst. Finally we present tentative identifications of other species in the spectrum, including a possible detection of the H20 2_0,2->1_1,1 transition at lambda_rest = 303 microns.

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