The Chandra Deep Protocluster Survey: Point-Source Catalogs for a 400 ks Observation of the z = 3.09 Protocluster in SSA22
B. D. Lehmer, D. M. Alexander, S. C. Chapman, Ian Smail, F. E. Bauer, W. N. Brandt, J. E. Geach, Y. Matsuda, J. R. Mullaney, A. M. Swinbank
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Accepted for publication in MNRAS (19 pages, 13 figure, and 6 tables). Point-source catalogs and data products are available at http://astro.dur.ac.uk/~dma/SSA22/
We present X-ray point-source catalogs for a deep 400 ks Chandra ACIS-I exposure of the SSA22 field. The observations are centred on a z = 3.09 protocluster, which is populated by Lyman break galaxies (LBGs), Lyalpha emitters (LAEs), and extended Lyalpha-emitting blobs (LABs). The survey reaches ultimate (3 count) sensitivity limits of 5.7 X 10^-17 and 3.0 X 10^-16 ergs cm^-2 s^-1 for the 0.5-2 keV and 2-8 keV bands, respectively. These limits make SSA22 the fourth deepest extragalactic Chandra survey yet conducted, and the only one focused on a known high redshift structure. In total, we detect 297 X-ray point sources and identify one obvious bright extended X-ray source over a ~330 arcmin^2 region. In addition to our X-ray catalogs, we provide all available optical spectroscopic redshifts and near-infrared and mid-infrared photometry available for our sources. The basic X-ray and infrared properties of our Chandra sources indicate a variety of source types, although absorbed active galactic nuclei (AGNs) appear to dominate. In total, we have identified 12 X-ray sources (either via optical spectroscopic redshifts or LAE selection) at z =3.06-3.12 that are likely to be associated with the SSA22 protocluster. These sources have X-ray and multiwavelength properties that suggest they are powered by AGN with 0.5-8 keV luminosities in the range of 10^43-10^45 ergs s^-1 We have analysed the AGN fraction of sources in the protocluster as a function of local LAE source density and find suggestive evidence for a correlation between AGN fraction and local LAE source density (at the 96 per cent confidence level), implying that supermassive black hole growth at z = 3 is strongest in the highest density regions.
Using the extended halo-based group finder developed by Yang et al. (2021), which is able to deal with galaxies via spectroscopic and photometric redshifts simultaneously, we construct galaxy group and candidate protocluster catalogs in a wide redshift range ($0 < z < 6$) from the joint CFHT Large Area $U$-band Deep Survey (CLAUDS) and Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC-SSP) deep data set. Based on a selection of 5,607,052 galaxies with $i$-band magnitude $m_{i} < 26$ and a sky coverage of $34.41\ {\rm deg}^2$, we identify a total of 2,232,134 groups, within which 402,947 groups h…
We present results from a deep 2'x3' (comoving scale of 3.7 Mpc x 5.5 Mpc at z=3) survey at 1.1 mm taken with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) in the SSA22 field. We observe the core region of a z = 3.09 protocluster, achieving a typical rms sensitivity of 60 micro-Jy/beam at a spatial resolution of 0".7. We detect 18 robust ALMA sources at a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) > 5. Comparison between the ALMA map and a 1.1 mm map taken with the AzTEC camera on the Atacama Submillimeter Telescope Experiment (ASTE) indicates that three submillimeter sources discovered by the AzTE…
The progenitors of present-day galaxy clusters give important clues about the evolution of the large scale structure, cosmic mass assembly, and galaxy evolution. Simulations are a major tool for these studies since they are used to interpret observations. In this work, we introduce a set of "protocluster-lightcones", dubbed PCcones. They are mock galaxy catalogs generated from the Millennium Simulation with the L-GALAXIES semi-analytic model. These lightcones were constructed by placing a desired structure at the redshift of interest in the centre of the cone. This approach allows to adopt a s…
A Public, K-Selected, Optical-to-Near-Infrared Catalog of the Extended Chandra Deep Field South (ECDFS) from the MUltiwavelength Survey by Yale-Chile (MUSYC)
We report the $a~posteriori$ confirmation of two large-scale filaments along the sight-line of the blazar 1ES~1553+113, which correspond to Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium (WHIM) absorption features in the X-ray and far ultraviolet. We use the WISE-SuperCOSMOS photometric catalog to map the cosmic-web in the direction of the blazar, and find significant filaments at redshifts of $z=0.23\pm0.02$ and $z=0.31\pm0.02$, which roughly align with the absorption redshifts. A third X-ray absorption feature at $z_X=0.133$ did not have any corresponding structures in the photometric catalog.
We present a narrowband survey with three adjacent filters for z=2.8--2.9 Lyman Alpha Emitter (LAE) galaxies in the Extended Chandra Deep Field South (ECDFS), along with spectroscopic followup. With a complete sample of 96 LAEs in the narrowband NB466, we confirm a large-scale structure at z~ 2.8. Compared to the blank field in NB470 and NB475, the LAE density excess in the NB466 field is ~6.0+/-0.8 times the standard deviation expected at z~2.8, assuming a linear bias of 2. The overdense large scale structure in NB466 can be decomposed into 4 protoclusters, whose overdensities are 4.6 - 6.6. …
Ly-$α$ tomography surveys have begun to produce three-dimensional (3D) maps of the intergalactic medium (IGM) opacity at $z \sim 2.5$ with Mpc resolution. These surveys provide an exciting new way to discover and characterize high-redshift overdensities, including the progenitors of today's massive groups and clusters of galaxies, known as protogroups and protoclusters. We use the IllustrisTNG-$300$ hydrodynamical simulation to build mock maps that realistically mimic those observed in the Ly-$α$ Tomographic IMACS Survey (LATIS). We introduce a novel method for delineating the boundaries of st…
We present improved point-source catalogs for the 2 Ms Chandra Deep Field-North (CDF-N) and the 250 ks Extended Chandra Deep Field-South (E-CDF-S), implementing a number of recent improvements in Chandra source-cataloging methodology. For the CDF-N/E-CDF-S, we provide a main catalog that contains 683/1003 X-ray sources detected with wavdetect at a false-positive probability threshold of $10^{-5}$ that also satisfy a binomial-probability source-selection criterion of $P<0.004$/$P<0.002$. Such an approach maximizes the number of reliable sources detected: a total of 196/275 main-catalog sources …
In order to place constraints on cosmology through optical surveys of galaxy clusters, one must first understand the properties of those clusters. To this end, we introduce the Mass Analysis Tool for Chandra (MATCha), a pipeline which uses a parallellized algorithm to analyze archival Chandra data. MATCha simultaneously calculates X-ray temperatures and luminosities and performs centering measurements for hundreds of potential galaxy clusters using archival X-ray exposures. We run MATCha on the redMaPPer SDSS DR8 cluster catalog and use MATCha's output X-ray temperatures and luminosities to an…
The Chandra Deep Field-South Survey: 4 Ms Source Catalogs
我们提供了4毫秒钱德拉深场南（CDF-S）的点源星表，这是迄今为止钱德拉最深的巡天，覆盖面积为464. 5弧分^[2]。我们提供了一个主源目录，其中包含740个X射线点源，这些点源是用wavdetect在1 E-5的假阳性概率阈值下检测到的，并且还满足P<0.004的二项式概率源选择标准;这种方法旨在最大化检测到的可靠源的数量。与以前的2 M CDF-S主目录源相比，共有300个主目录源是新的。我们还提供了一个补充目录，其中包括36个源，在1 E-5的wavdetect检测，满足0.004< P<0.1，并有一个光学对应的R<24。多波长识别，基本的光学/红外/射电光度学，和光谱/光度红移提供的X射线源。对源的X射线和多波长特性的基本分析表明，>75%的主目录源是活动星系核;在300个新的主目录源中，大约35%可能是正常和星暴星系，反映了正常和星暴星系在4 Ms CDF-S唯一可达到的非常微弱的通量水平上的崛起。在4 Ms CDF-S的中心附近，观测到的活动星系核和星系源密度分别达到每平方度~9800和6900。4 Ms CDF-S的轴上通量极限分别为~9.1E-18和5.5E-17 erg/cm^2/s，分别用于软带和硬带。CDF-S暴露增加约2-2.5倍将提供进一步的显著增益和探测关键的未探索的发现空间。
We present X-ray source catalogs for the $\approx7$ Ms exposure of the Chandra Deep Field-South (CDF-S), which covers a total area of 484.2 arcmin$^2$. Utilizing WAVDETECT for initial source detection and ACIS Extract for photometric extraction and significance assessment, we create a main source catalog containing 1008 sources that are detected in up to three X-ray bands: 0.5-7.0 keV, 0.5-2.0 keV, and 2-7 keV. A supplementary source catalog is also provided including 47 lower-significance sources that have bright ($K_s\le23$) near-infrared counterparts. We identify multiwavelength counterpart…
We present an analysis of the environment of six QSO triplets at 1 $\lesssim$ z $\lesssim$ 1.5 by analyzing multiband (r,i,z, or g,r,i) images obtained with Megacam at the CFHT telescope, aiming to investigate whether they are associated or not with galaxy protoclusters. This was done by using photometric redshifts trained using the high accuracy photometric redshifts of the COSMOS2015 catalogue. To improve the quality of our photometric redshift estimation, we included in our analysis near-infrared photometry (3.6 and 4.5 $μm$) from the unWISE survey available for our fields and the COSMOS su…
Ultra-deep catalog of X-ray groups in the Extended Chandra Deep Field South
钱德拉和XMM-牛顿对ECDF-S的超深观测使人们能够搜索扩展的X射线发射，其通量达到前所未有的$2\times10^{-16}$尔格s $^{-1}$ cm $^{-2}$。我们提出了搜索的空间尺度上的32 $^{\prime\prime}$在钱德拉和XMM数据，覆盖0.3平方度和模型的弧分尺度上的扩展发射。我们提出了一个目录的46光谱确定的群体，达到红移1.6。结果表明，ECDF-S的统计性质，如logN-logS和X射线光度函数与LCDM基本一致，但dn/dz/$Ω$检验表明，ECDF-S中$0.2<z<0.5$的红移范围是稀疏分布的.然而，由于附近结构的缺乏，使得在X射线和透镜中研究高红移群特别容易，因为聚集的前景水平较低。我们提出了星系群的一点和两点统计以及弱透镜分析，以表明所检测到的低光度系统确实是低质量系统。我们验证的适用性之间的标度关系的X射线光度和总质量的组，来自COSMOS调查，以较低的质量和较高的红移探测ECDF-S通过堆叠弱透镜和聚类分析，约束任何可能的偏差在30%的质量。节录。
