Extending the use of Monte Carlo (MC) event generators to jets in nuclear collisions requires a probabilistic implementation of the non-abelian LPM effect. We demonstrate that a local, probabilistic MC implementation based on the concept of formation times can account fully for the LPM-effect. The main features of the analytically known eikonal and collinear approximation can be reproduced, but we show how going beyond this approximation can lead to qualitatively different results.
The non-abelian Landau-Pomeranschuk-Migdal (LPM) effect arises from the quantum interference between spatially separated, inelastic radiation processes in matter. A consistent probabilistic implementation of this LPM effect is a prerequisite for extending the use of Monte Carlo (MC) event generators to the simulation of jet-like multi-particle final states in nuclear collisions. Here, we propose a local MC algorithm, which is based solely on relating the LPM effect to the probabilistic concept of formation time for virtual quanta. We demonstrate that this implementation of formation time physi…
Consider the in-medium splitting $g \to gg$ of a very high-energy gluon traversing a QCD medium, accounting for the Landau-Pomeranchuk-Migdal (LPM) effect. It has been known for some time that soft radiative corrections to that splitting generate a double-log correction to the splitting rate, whose effects can be absorbed into running of the medium parameter $\hat q$ describing the rate of transverse momentum kicks to high-energy particles due to small-angle scattering from the medium. Less has been known about sub-leading, single logarithms in this context. In this paper, we find analytic for…
Gluon bremsstrahlung induced by multiple parton scattering in a finite dense medium has a unique angular distribution with respect to the initial parton direction. A dead-cone structure with an opening angle $θ^2_0 \approx 2(1-z)/(zLE)$ for gluons with fractional energy $z$ arises from the Landau-Pomeranchuck-Migdal (LPM) interference. In a medium where the gluon's dielectric constant is $ε>1$, the LPM interference pattern is shown to become Cherenkov-like with an increased opening angle determined by the dielectric constant $\cos^2θ_c=z+(1-z)/ε$. For a large dielectric constant $ε\gg 1+2/z^2L…
We have implemented the LPM effect into a microscopic transport model with partonic degrees of freedom by following the algorithm of Zapp & Wiedemann. The Landau-Pomeranchuk-Migdal (LPM) effect is a quantum interference process that modifies the emission of radiation in the presence of a dense medium. In QCD this results in a quadratic length dependence for radiative energy loss. This is an important effect for the modification of jets by their passage through the QGP. We verify the leading parton energy loss in the model against the leading order Baier-Dokshitzer-Mueller-Peigne-Schiff-Zakharo…
High-energy Coulomb corrections (CCs) to some quantities of the quantum Migdal theory of the Landau-Pomeranchuk-Migdal (LPM) effect are obtained analytically and numerically for the regimes of small and strong LPM suppression on the basis of a refined Moliere multiple scattering theory. Numerical calculations are presented in the ranges of the nuclear charge number Z of a scatterer from 6 to 92 and the expansion parameter B of Moliere from 4.5 to 8.5. It is shown that the relative CC to the spectral bremsstrahlung rate can reach a value of the order of -19% in the ranges considered and must be…
The features of electromagnetic processes are considered which connected with finite size of space region in which final particles (photon, electron-positron pair) are formed. The longitudinal dimension of the region is known as the formation length. If some external agent is acting on an electron while traveling this distance the emission process can be disrupted. There are different agents: multiple scattering of projectile, polarization of a medium, action of external fields, etc. The theory of radiation under influence of the multiple scattering, the Landau-Pomeranchuk-Migdal (LPM) effect,…
The observation of earth skimming neutrinos has been proposed as a rather sensitive method to detect ultra-high energy (UHE) cosmic neutrinos. Energetic cosmic neutrinos can interact inside the rock and produce leptons via a charged current interaction. In the case of an incoming electron neutrino undergoing a charged current interaction, the produced UHE electron will induce an underground electromagnetic shower. At high energy (above 7.7 TeV in standard rock), such showers are subject to LPM (Landau, Pomeranchuk and Migdal) suppression of the radiative processes cross sections (bremsstrahlun…
For high precision measurements of K decays, the presence of radiated photons cannot be neglected. The Monte Carlo simulations must include the radiative corrections in order to compute the correct event counting and efficiency calculations. In this paper we briefly describe a method for simulating such decays.
We report on a benchmark calculation of the in-medium radiative energy loss of low-virtuality jet partons within the EPOS3-Jet framework. The radiative energy loss is based on an extension of the Gunion-Bertsch matrix element for a massive projectile and a massive radiated gluon. On top of that, the coherence (LPM effect) is implemented by assigning a formation phase to the trial radiated gluons in a fashion similar to the approach in JHEP 07 (2011), 118, by Zapp, Stachel and Wiedemann. In a calculation with a simplified radiation kernel, we reproduce the radiation spectrum reported in the app…
The Monte Carlo generator MERADGEN 1.0 for the simulation of radiative events in parity conserving doubly-polarized Moller scattering has been developed. Analytical integration wherever it is possible provides rather fast and accurate generation. Some numerical tests and histograms are presented.
A new Monte-Carlo generator including real radiated photons in DIS on polarized and unpolarized targets is presented. Analytical and numerical tests are performed and discussed in details.
The structure and algorithms of the Monte-Carlo generator ELRADGEN 2.0 designed to simulate radiative events in polarized ep-scattering are presented. The full set of analytical expressions for the QED radiative corrections is presented and discussed in detail. Algorithmic improvements implemented to provide faster simulation of hard real photon events are described. Numerical tests show high quality of generation of photonic variables and radiatively corrected cross section. The comparison of the elastic radiative tail simulated within the kinematical conditions of the BLAST experiment at MIT…
We discuss the theoretical approach and practical algorithms for simulation of radiative events in elastic ep-scattering. A new Monte Carlo generator for real photon emission events in the process of elastic electron-proton scattering is presented. We perform a few consistency checks and present numerical results.
We analyse the possibility of detecting visible photons from a hypothetical radiative decay of solar neutrinos. Our study is focused on the simulation of such measurements during total solar eclipses and it is based on the BP2000 Standard Solar Model and on the most recent experimental information concerning the neutrino properties.
Contributions from the reaction e+e- --> pi+pi- e+e- to the pion form factor measurement via radiative return method are discussed basing on the results of a Monte Carlo generator (EKHARA). The generator contains contributions from the initial and final state emission of a e+e- pair from e+e- --> pi+pi- production diagrams and the pi+pi- pair production from space-like and time-like Bhabha diagrams. A detailed study is performed for the Phi- factory energy. Tests of the generation procedure are also presented.
We consider finite-size effects on the radiative energy loss of a fast parton moving in a finite temperature strongly interacting medium, using the light cone path integral formalism put forward by Zakharov. We present a convenient reformulation of the problem which makes possible its exact numerical analysis. This is done by introducing the concept of a radiation rate in the presence of finite-size effects. This effectively extends the finite-temperature approach of AMY (Arnold, Moore, and Yaffe) to include interference between vacuum and medium radiation. We compare results with those obtain…
A new version of Monte Carlo generator ELRADGEN for simulation of real photon emission in elastic electron-proton scattering is presented. The extensions in the new version include opportunity to deal with polarized particles: longitudinally polarized electron and arbitrary polarized proton. Simulation strategy, specifications of used kinematics, structure of the contributions to the observed cross section, cross-checks, and numerical results for BLAST experimental setup are presented and briefly discussed.
This work is devoted to a theoretical description of polarized Møller scattering. Complete one-loop electroweak radiative corrections are calculated in the helicity amplitude approach with allowance for the exact dependence on the muon mass. Numerical results are presented for integrated unpolarized and polarized cross sections as well as angular differential distributions. Calculations are performed using ReneSANCe Monte Carlo generator and MCSANC Monte Carlo integrator.
Recently, various cross sections of e+e- annihilation into hadrons were accurately measured in the energy range from 0.37 to 1.39 GeV with the CMD-2 detector at the VEPP-2M collider. In the pi+pi- channel a systematic uncertainty of 0.6% has been achieved. A Monte-Carlo Generator Photon Jets (MCGPJ) was developed to simulate events of the Bhabha scattering as well as production of two charged pions, kaons and muons. Based on the formalism of Structure Functions, the leading logarithmic contributions related to the emission of photon jets in the collinear region are incorporated into the MC gen…
We present the LL final state radiative effects for the exact O(alpha) YFS exponentiated (un)stable WW pair production at LEP2/NLC energies using Monte Carlo event generator methods. The respective event generator, version 1.12 of the program YFSWW3, wherein both Standard Model and anomalous triple gauge boson couplings are allowed, generates n(γ) radiation both from the initial state and from the intermediate W+ W- and generates the LL final state W decay radiative effects. Sample Monte Carlo data are illustrated.
QED radiative corrections to the cross section of diffractive electro- and photoproduction of vector mesons is calculated at HERA energies. Both semi-analytical and Monte Carlo approaches are discussed and compared.
Electron--positron annihilation into hadrons plus an energetic photon from initial state radiation allows the hadronic cross-section to be measured over a wide range of energies at high luminosity meson factories. A Monte Carlo generator called PHOKHARA has been constructed, which simulates this process at the next-to-leading order accuracy.
One-loop radiative corrections to the leptonic tensor in high energy bremsstrahlung on heavy nuclei are calculated. Virtual and real photon radiation is taken into account. Double bremsstrahlung is simulated by means of Monte Carlo. Numerical results are presented for the case of muon bremsstrahlung in conditions of the COMPASS experiment at CERN.
We analyze the suppression of particle production at large transverse momenta in ($0-5%$ most) central collisions of gold nuclei at $\sqrt{s_\textrm{NN}}=$ 200 GeV and lead nuclei at $\sqrt{s_{\textrm{NN}}}=$ 2.76 TeV. Full next-to-leading order radiative corrections at ${\cal{O}}(α_s^3)$, and nuclear effects like shadowing and parton energy loss are included. The parton energy loss is implemented in a simple multiple scattering model, where the partons lose an energy $ε=λ\times dE/dx$ per collision, where $λ$ is their mean free path. We take $ε=κE$ for a treatment which is suggestive of the B…
BHAGEN-1PH is a FORTRAN program providing fast Monte Carlo event generation of the process $e^+ e^- \to e^+ e^- γ$, within electroweak theory, for both unpolarized beams and also for the longitudinally polarized electron beam. The program is designed for final leptons outside a small cone around the initial leptons direction and has a new algorithm allowing also for a fast generation of non collinear initial and final emission, as well as for asymmetric and different angular cuts for final leptons.
A Monte Carlo event generator is presented. An original algorithm is developed to simulate electron-positron scattering at energies and momentum transferred much more than the electron mass. The first-order electroweak radiative corrections are included completely. Higher order corrections are taken into account by means of electron structure functions.
The Monte Carlo event generator PHOKHARA, which simulates hadron and muon production at electron-positron colliders through radiative return, has been extended to final states with three pions. A model for the form factor based on generalized vector dominance has been employed, which is consistent with presently available experimental observations.
The most commonly employed formalisms of radiative energy loss have been derived in the high- energy approximation. In its present form, it is reliable only for the medium modifications of inclusive particle spectra. Modifications to this formalism are expected to be important for less inclusive measurements. This is especially relevant for reconstructed jets in heavy-ion collisions, which are becoming available only recently. We present some ideas to overcome this limitation. Specifically, we show an implementation of radiative energy loss within a jet parton shower. This implementation has b…
A fast leading-order Monte Carlo generator for the process $e^+e^-\toμ^+μ^-γ$ is described. In fact, using the $e^+e^-\toμ^+μ^-γ$ process as an example, we provide a pedagogical demonstration of how a Monte Carlo generator can be created from scratch. The $e^+ e^- \to μ^+ μ^- γ$ process was chosen, since in this case we are not faced with either too trivial or too difficult a task. Matrix elements are calculated using the helicity amplitude method. Monte Carlo algorithm uses the acceptance-rejection method with an appropriately chosen simplified distribution that can be generated using an effi…
RACOONWW is the first Monte Carlo generator for e+e- --> WW --> 4f(+gamma) that includes the electroweak O(alpha) radiative corrections in the double-pole approximation completely. Some numerical results for LEP2 energies are discussed, and the predictions for the total W-pair cross section are confronted with LEP2 data.
Radiative corrections to the cross sections of photon electroproduction and the single spin asymmetries induced by the interference between the Bethe Heitler and deep virtual Compton scattering amplitudes are calculated within the leading log approximation. The deep virtual Compton scattering amplitude is presented in the Belitsky, Müller, and Kirchner approximation for the polarized initial particles. The Fortran code for estimation of the radiative effects in a given kinematic point and Monte Carlo generator for simulation of one or two photons are developed. Numerical results are performed …
A generator with $α^2$ order radiative correction effects, including both the initial state radiative corrections and the photon vacuum polarization corrections, is built for the full simulation of $e^+e^- \to hadrons $ in cross section scan experiment in the quarkonium energy region. The contributions from the hadron production structures including the resonances of $1^{--}$ quarkonium families and the light hadrons spectrum below 2 GeV as well as the QED continuum hadron spectrum are all taken into account in the event generation. It was employed successfully to determine the detection effic…
In this publication electroweak next-to-leading order corrections to semileptonic B-meson decays into (pseudo)scalar final states are presented. To this end, these corrections of O(alpha G_F) have been calculated in the QED-enhanced phenomenological model, incorporating the bound-state mesons as its degrees of freedom, and matched to a similar calculation on the level of constituent partons in the full Standard Model. Consequently, the effects arising due to corrections of the partial decay widths on the extraction of the CKM matrix elements |V_cb| and |V_ub| are detailed. Further, the results…
The Monte Carlo event generator EKHARA was upgraded during last years. The upgrades presented here contain: a) the inclusion of new final states $e^+e^-\to e^+e^-η$, $e^+e^-\to e^+e^-η'$, $e^+e^-\to e^+e^- χ_{c_i} $ and $e^+e^-\to e^+e^- χ_{c_i} (\to J/ψ(\to μ^+μ^-)γ)$; b) new $γ^*-γ^*-P$ transition form factors and c) the radiative corrections to the reactions $e^+e^-\to e^+e^-P $. For the upgrades a) and b), we present here only the pieces missing in other publications, mostly algorithms used in the phase space generation. The radiative corrections are presented here for the first time. A ne…
SIDIS-RC EvGen is a C++ standalone Monte-Carlo event generator for studies of semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering (SIDIS) processes at medium to high lepton beam energies. In particular, the generator contains binary and library components for generating SIDS events and calculating cross sections for unpolarized or longitudinally polarized beam and unpolarized, longitudinally or transversely polarized target. The structure of the generator incorporates transverse momentum-dependent parton distribution and fragmentation functions, whereby we obtain multi-dimensional binned simulation resul…
The precision measurement of the mass of the $W$ boson is an important goal of the Fermilab Tevatron and the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). It requires accurate theoretical calculations which incorporate both higher-order QCD and electroweak corrections, and also provide an interface to parton-shower Monte Carlo programs which make it possible to realistically simulate experimental data. In this paper, we present a combination of the full ${\cal O}(α)$ electroweak corrections of {\tt WGRAD2}, and the next-to-leading order QCD radiative corrections to $W\to\ellν$ production in hadronic colli…
The energy dependence of the electron - positron hadronic cross section can be measured not only by a straightforward energy scan, but also by means of the radiative return method. To provide extensive comparisons between theory and experiment a Monte Carlo event generator is an indispensable tool. We have developed such a generator called PHOKHARA, which simulates e+e- -> mesons + photon(s) processes. In this paper we present its latest tests and upgrades.
