The Disk-Halo Connection and Where Has All The Gas Gone?
Joel N. Bregman
备注:
14 pages, with 6 figures. Invited talk at The Role of Disk-Halo Interaction in Galaxy Evolution: Outflow vs. Infall?, Espinho, Portugal, Aug 18-22, 2008
The wealth of data in the past decades, and especially in the past 15 years has transformed our picture of the gas around the Milky Way and other spiral galaxies. There is good evidence for extraplanar gas that is a few kpc in height and is seen in all gaseous phases: neutral; warm atomic; and hot, X-ray emitting gas. This medium is seen not only around the Milky Way, but other spiral galaxies and it is related to the star formation rate, so it is likely produced by the activity in the disk through a galactic fountain. More extended examples of halo gas are seen, such as the HVC around the Milky Way and around M31. This gas is typically 10-20 kpc from the galaxy and is not seen beyond 50 kpc. This gas is most likely being accreted. A hot dilute halo (1E6 K) is present with a similar size, although its size is poorly determined. An ongoing controversy surrounds the relative amounts of outflow from the disk and accretion onto galaxies such as the Milky Way. There is good evidence for accretion of cold material onto the Milky Way and other galaxies, but it is not clear if there is enough to modify the gas content and star formation properties in the disk. The reservoir of accretion material is as yet unidentified. Some of these findings may be related to the issue that galaxies are baryon-poor: their baryon to dark matter ratio is well below the cosmological value. The absence of baryons may be due to extremely violent outflow events in the early stages of galaxy formation. We may be able to understand this stage of galaxy evolution by applying our deepening understanding of our local disk-halo environment.
Going, going, gone dark: Quantifying the scatter in the faintest dwarf galaxies
我们预测的恒星质量晕质量(SMHM)的关系,矮星系和他们的卫星居住在晕下降到M $_{halo} =$ 10 $^7$ M $_{\odot}$与10 $^4$ M $_{\odot} <$ M $_{star}$($z=0$)$< 10^8$ M $_{\odot}$,并量化预测的散射关系在低质量端,使用宇宙学模拟。这些星系是从矮星系的宇宙学模拟中绘制的,使用N体+ SPH代码ChaNGA,以60 pc的高分辨率运行。对于M $_{halo} > 10^9$ M $_{\odot}$,模拟的SMHM关系与文献测定一致,包括表现出小的分散。然而,在SMHM关系的散射显着增加较低质量的晕。我们发现,这种散射的一部分是由于{ \em暗矮星},没有恒星的晕。然而,即使只考虑包含恒星人口的清晰晕,恒星质量的分散度也接近1 dex,M $_{halo}$($z=0$)10 $^7$ M $_{\odot}$。这种散射大部分是由于包括矮星系的卫星,它们的晕质量通过潮汐剥离而减少。暗矮星(不含恒星的暗矮星)的比例随着晕质量的减少而显著增加。当考虑这些暗晕时,低质量SMHM中的真实散射甚至更大。在我们的模拟所探测的SMHM关系的最暗端,一个星系不能仅仅根据它的光度来分配一个独特的晕质量。我们提供了一个公式来随机填充低质量晕根据我们的结果。我们预测的低晕质量的大散射增加了由此产生的恒星质量函数在超微…
Substructure depletion in the Milky Way halo by the disk
我们采用数值模拟和简单的分析估计认为,暗物质子结构的内部区域的银河系轨道可以有效地破坏磁盘冲击,一个动力学过程,已知影响球状星团。我们进行了一组基准的高分辨率无碰撞模拟,在其中,我们自动地生长一个磁盘,使我们能够检查磁盘上的子结构丰度的影响。我们还跟踪了高分辨率Aquarius模拟中的暗物质卫星的轨道,并分析估计了累积晕和磁盘冲击效应。我们的计算表明,只有10%的银河系总质量的磁盘的存在下,可以显着改变晕内部的子结构的质量函数。这具有重要的意义,特别是对于在银河系中心~30 kpc范围内看到的相对较少的卫星,在那里,盘冲击预计将使10^9 M $_{\odot}$的子结构丰度减少约2倍,10^7 M $_{\odot}$的子结构丰度减少约3倍。最大质量的10^10 M $_{\odot}$的次晕即使在盘的存在下也能存活下来。这表明不存在内部缺失卫星的问题,并质疑这些子结构是否可以在磁盘中产生瞬态特征,如多臂螺旋图案。此外,暗物质子结构通过撞击盘和中央隆起的重子结构而耗尽,这可能会加剧问题,以充分解释引力透镜系统中观察到的通量异常,并显着降低了内晕附近子结构预期的暗物质湮灭信号。
Connection between galaxy morphology and dark-matter halo structure II: predicting disk structure from dark-matter halo properties
Peking University(北京大学);Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University(北京大学科维理天文与天体物理研究所);Department of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts, Amherst(马萨诸塞大学阿默斯特分校天文学系);Carnegie Observatories(卡内基观测站);TAPIR, California Institute of Technology(加州理工学院 TAPIR);Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University(耶路撒冷希伯来大学拉卡物理学院天体物理学与行星科学中心)
A New Approach to Detailed Structural Decomposition: Kicked-up Disk Stars in Andromeda's Halo?
我们在0.4 < R < 225 kpc的径向范围内描述了仙女座星系(M31)的球、盘和晕子成分。这些子成分的共空间性质使得它们难以单独使用表面亮度(SB)信息来解开,特别是在~20 kpc的内部。我们的新分解技术结合了来自超过150万明亮的亮度函数(LF)的信息,(20 < I < 22)颗恒星来自全色哈勃仙女座宝藏(PHAT)巡天,超过5000颗红巨星分支恒星的径向速度来自仙女座恒星晕的光谱和光度景观(SPLASH)巡天,以及来自各种来源的集成I波段SB配置文件。我们使用一个仿射不变的马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗算法,以适应这三个数据集的一个适当的玩具模型。凸起,磁盘和晕SB配置文件被建模为Sersic,指数,和核心的幂律,分别,和LF被建模为破幂律。我们发现,与盘状LF的恒星的数量是~5%的数量大于在动态冷组件,这表明,一些恒星出生在磁盘已动态加热的点,他们是运动学上无法区分的晕成员。这是第一个运动学证据,证明在M31的恒星晕中存在着一个“被踢起的盘”。被踢出的盘星的比例与模拟中发现的一致。更多信息见Dorman et al.(2013,已提交)。