脆性非均质材料破坏中的间歇性和粗糙化
Intermittency and roughening in the failure of brittle heterogeneous materials
摘要：
脆性裂纹附近的应力增强使得宏观尺度的破坏特性对微观尺度的材料无序极其敏感。因此：（i）断裂系统通常显示出一种急动的动力学，即所谓的爆裂噪声，具有跨越广泛尺度的看似随机的突然能量释放，使人联想到地震;（ii）断裂表面在比材料微观结构大得多的尺度上表现出粗糙度。在这里，我提供了一个严格的审查在这种情况下进行的实验和模拟，突出普遍的缩放功能的存在，独立的材料和加载条件，让人想起临界现象。最后，我讨论了最近的随机描述脆性无序介质中的裂纹生长，似乎捕捉定性-有时定量-这些缩放功能。
英文摘要：
Stress enhancement in the vicinity of brittle cracks makes the macro-scale failure properties extremely sensitive to the micro-scale material disorder. Therefore: (i) Fracturing systems often display a jerky dynamics, so-called crackling noise, with seemingly random sudden energy release spanning over a broad range of scales, reminiscent of earthquakes; (ii) Fracture surfaces exhibit roughness at scales much larger than that of material micro-structure. Here, I provide a critical review of experiments and simulations performed in this context, highlighting the existence of universal scaling features, independent of both the material and the loading conditions, reminiscent of critical phenomena. I finally discuss recent stochastic descriptions of crack growth in brittle disordered media that seem to capture qualitatively - and sometimes quantitatively - these scaling features.
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