Stellar clusters are potential acceleration sites of very-high-energy (VHE, E > 100GeV) particles since they host supernova remnants (SNRs) and pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe). Additionally, in stellar clusters, particles can also be accelerated e.g. at the boundaries of wind-blown bubbles, in colliding wind zones in massive binary systems or in the framework of collective wind or wind/supernova(SN) ejecta scenarios. Motivated by the detection of VHE gamma-ray emission towards Westerlund 2 and assuming similar particle acceleration mechanisms at work, Westerlund 1 is an even more promising target for VHE gamma-ray observations given that massive star content and distance are more favorable for detectable VHE gamma-ray emission compared to Westerlund 2. Here, H.E.S.S. observations of massive stellar clusters in general with special emphasis on the most massive stellar cluster in the galaxy, Westerlund 1 are summarized.
Stellar-mass black holes in young massive and open stellar clusters IV: updated stellar-evolutionary and black hole spin models and comparisons with the LIGO-Virgo O1/O2 merger-event data
我提出了一套长期的,直接的,相对论性的多体计算模型密集的星团与最新的恒星演化,超新星(SN),和残留的自然踢模型,包括对不稳定性和脉动对不稳定性超新星(PSN和PPSN),使用更新版本的NBODY 7 N体模拟程序。N体模型还包括基于恒星演化的黑洞诞生自旋和基于数值相对论的双黑洞合并处理。这些,第一次在一个直接的N体模拟,允许第二代BBH合并。这套65个演化模型的初始质量为$10^4M_\odot-10^5M_\odot$,大小为1 pc-3 pc,金属丰度为$0.0001-0.02$,大质量恒星位于原始双星中,它们代表年轻大质量星团(YMC)和中等质量的疏散星团(OC)。这样的模型产生动态配对的BBH合并,与观测到的质量,质量比,有效自旋参数和LVC O 1/O2合并事件的最终自旋很好地吻合,前提是BH出生时具有低自旋或没有自旋,但在经历BBH合并或物质吸积后自旋上升。特别是,明显较高的质量,有效自旋参数,GW 170729并合事件的末自旋和O3事件GW 190412的质量不对称性也被自然再现。计算的模型产生大量的,$\sim100M_\odot$ BBH合并与初级质量内的“PSN差距”,也产生合并涉及残余的“质量差距”。他们还认为,YMC和OC产生持久的,LISA可检测到的本地宇宙GW源。这样的星系团也能够产生古怪的LIGO-Virgo合并。