We describe a compact modulator based on a planar photonic crystal nanocavity whose resonance is electrically controlled. A forward bias applied across a p-i-n diode shifts the cavity into and out of resonance with a continuous-wave laser field in a waveguide. The sub-micron size of the nanocavity promises extremely low capacitance, high bandwidth, and efficient on-chip integration in optical interconnects.
Strongly enhanced third-harmonic generation (THG) by the topological localization of an edge mode in a Su-Schrieffer-Heeger (SSH) chain of silicon photonic crystal nanocavities is demonstrated. The edge mode of the nanocavity chain not only naturally inherits resonant properties of the single nanocavity, but also exhibits the topological feature with mode robustness extending well beyond individual nanocavity. By engineering the SSH nanocavities with alternating strong and weak coupling strengths on a silicon slab, we observe the edge mode formation that entails a THG signal with three orders …
We measure the lasing dynamics of single and coupled photonic crystal nanocavity array lasers fabricated in the indium gallium arsenide phosphide material system. Under short optical excitation, single cavity lasers produce pulses as fast as 11 ps (FWHM), while coupled cavity lasers show significantly longer lasing duration which is not explained by a simple rate equations model. A Finite Difference Time Domain simulation including carrier gain and diffusion suggests that asynchronous lasing across the nanocavity array extends the laser's pulse duration.
A photonic crystal (PhC) nanocavity formed in an optically very thick slab can support reasonably high-Q modes for lasing. Experimentally, we demonstrate room-temperature pulsed lasing operation from the PhC dipole mode emitting at 1324 nm, which is fabricated in an InGaAsP slab with thickness (T) of 606 nm. Numerical simulation reveals that, when T > 800 nm, over 90% of the laser output power couples to the PhC slab modes, suggesting a new route towards an efficient in-plane laser for photonic integrated circuits.
Interest in photonic crystal nanocavities is fueled by advances in device performance, particularly in the development of low-threshold laser sources. Effective electrical control of high performance photonic crystal lasers has thus far remained elusive due to the complexities associated with current injection into cavities. A fabrication procedure for electrically pumping photonic crystal membrane devices using a lateral p-i-n junction has been developed and is described in this work. We have demonstrated electrically pumped lasing in our junctions with a threshold of 181 nA at 50K - the lowe…
We measure the nonlinear switching dynamics of an InP photonic crystal nanocavity for different pulse energies and wavelengths relative to the cavity resonance and observe saturation of the switching contrast and broadening of the switching window. The effects are analyzed by comparison with nonlinear coupled mode theory and explained in terms of large dynamical variations of the cavity resonance. The results are important for applications in optical signal processing and provide insight into the nonlinear optical processes that govern the dynamics of the refractive index and the absorption.
We demonstrate adiabatic wavelength shifting by electro-optic modulation using a p-i-n integrated high-Q photonic crystal nanocavity. The wavelength of the trapped light is adiabatically shifted by modulating the resonance of the cavity faster than the photon lifetime. The cavity resonance is changed by injecting electrons through a p-i-n junction to reduce the refractive index. In addition we employ adiabatic wavelength shifting in a demonstration of dynamic Q tuning by electro-optic modulation.
A photonic crystal nanocavity with a Quality (Q) factor of 2.3 x 10^5, a mode volume of 0.55($λ/n$)^3, and an operating wavelength of 637 nm is designed in a silicon nitride (SiN_x) ridge waveguide with refractive index of 2.0. The effect on the cavity Q factor and mode volume of single diamond nanocrystals of various sizes and locations embedded in the center and on top of the nanocavity is simulated, demonstrating that Q > 2 x 10^5 is achievable for realistic parameters. An analysis of the figures of merit for cavity quantum electrodynamics reveals that strong coupling between an embedded di…
Topological edge states exist at the interfaces between two topologically-distinct materials. The presence and number of such modes are deterministically predicted from the bulk-band topologies, known as the bulk-edge correspondence. This principle is highly useful for predictably controlling optical modes in resonators made of photonic crystals (PhCs), leading to the recent demonstrations of micro-scale topological lasers. Meanwhile, zero-dimensional topological trapped states in the nanoscale remained unexplored, despite its importance for enhancing light-matter interactions and for wide app…
We demonstrate experimentally an air-slot mode-gap photonic crystal cavity with quality factor of 15,000 and modal volume of 0.02 cubic wavelengths, based on the design of an air-slot in a width-modulated line-defect in a photonic crystal slab. The origin of the high Q air-slot cavity mode is the mode-gap effect from the slotted photonic crystal waveguide mode with negative dispersion. The high Q cavities with ultrasmall mode volume are important for applications such as cavity quantum electrodynamics, nonlinear optics and optical sensing.
We demonstrate tunable frequency-converted light mediated by a chi-(2) nonlinear photonic crystal nanocavity. The wavelength-scale InP-based cavity supports two closely-spaced localized modes near 1550 nm which are resonantly excited by a 130 fs laser pulse. The cavity is simultaneously irradiated with a non-resonant probe beam, giving rise to rich second-order scattering spectra reflecting nonlinear mixing of the different resonant and non-resonant components. In particular, we highlight the radiation at the sum frequencies of the probe beam and the respective cavity modes. This would be a us…
Silicon is now firmly established as a high performance photonic material. Its only weakness is the lack of a native electrically driven light emitter that operates CW at room temperature, exhibits a narrow linewidth in the technologically important 1300- 1600 nm wavelength window, is small and operates with low power consumption. Here, an electrically pumped all-silicon nano light source around 1300-1600 nm range is demonstrated at room temperature. Using hydrogen plasma treatment, nano-scale optically active defects are introduced into silicon, which then feed the photonic crystal nanocavity…
We have demonstrated an up to seven-fold enhancement of photoluminescence from silicon-rich silicon nitride film due to a single photonic crystal cavity. The enhancement is partially attributed to the Purcell effect. Purcell factor predicted by FDTD calculations is 32 for a linear three-defect cavity mode with computed quality factor of 332 and mode volume of 0.785 cubic wavelengths. Experimentally measured cavity quality (Q) factors vary in the range of 200 to 300, showing excellent agreement with calculations. The emission peak can be tuned to any wavelength in the 600 to 800 nm range.
Integrating nanoscale electromechanical transducers and nanophotonic devices potentially can enable new acousto-optic devices to reach unprecedented high frequencies and modulation efficiency. Here, we demonstrate acousto-optic modulation of a photonic crystal nanocavity using Lamb waves with frequency up to 19 GHz, reaching the microwave K band. The devices are fabricated in suspended aluminum nitride membrane. Excitation of acoustic waves is achieved with interdigital transducers with periods as small as 300 nm. Confining both acoustic wave and optical wave within the thickness of the membra…
Efficient, low threshold, and compact semiconductor laser sources are being investigated for many applications in high-speed communications, information processing, and optical interconnects. The best edge-emitting and vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) have thresholds on the order of 100 \muA[1,2] but dissipate too much power to be practical for many applications, particularly optical interconnects[3]. Optically pumped photonic crystal (PC) nanocavity lasers represent the state of the art in low-threshold lasers[4,5]; however, in order to be practical, techniques to electrically…
Controlling gain and loss of coupled optical cavities can induce non-Hermitian degeneracies of eigenstates, called exceptional points (EPs). Various unconventional phenomena around EPs have been reported, and expected to incorporate extra functionalities into photonic devices. The eigenmode exactly under the EP degeneracy is also predicted to exhibit enhanced radiation. However, such responses have yet to be observed in on-chip lasers, because of both the limited controllability of their gain and loss and the lifting of degeneracy by pump-induced cavity detuning. Here, we report the first non-…
We analyze the influence of the dielectric constant of the slab on the quality factor (Q) in slab photonic crystal cavities with a minimized vertical losses model. The higher value of Q in high-epsilon cavity is attributed to the lower mode frequency. The Q ratio in a high-epsilon (silicon) vs. low-epsilon (diamond) slab is examined as a function of mode volume (Vm). The mode volume compensation technique is discussed. Finally, diamond cavity design is addressed. The analytical results are compared to 3D FDTD calculations. In a double heterostructure design, a Q=2.6*10^5 is obtained. The highe…
We measure the dynamics of the thermo-optical nonlinearity of both a mode-gap nanocavity and a delocalized mode in a Ga$_{\mathrm{0.51}}$In$_{\mathrm{0.49}}$P photonic crystal membrane. We model these results in terms of heat transport and thermo-optical response in the material. By step-modulating the optical input power we push the nonlinear resonance to jump between stable branches of its response curve, causing bistable switching. An overshoot of the intensity followed by a relaxation tail is observed upon bistable switching. In this way, the thermal relaxation of both the localized resona…
Nanoscale and power-efficient electro-optic (EO) modulators are essential components for optical interconnects that are beginning to replace electrical wiring for intra- and inter-chip communications. Silicon-based EO modulators show sufficient figures of merits regarding device footprint, speed, power consumption and modulation depth. However, the weak electro-optic effect of silicon still sets a technical bottleneck for these devices, motivating the development of modulators based on new materials. Graphene, a two-dimensional carbon allotrope, has emerged as an alternative active material fo…
The realization of photonic crystals (PC) in diamond is of major importance for the entire field of spintronics based on fluorescent centers in diamond. The processing steps for the case of diamond differ from those commonly used, due to the extreme chemical and mechanical properties of this material. The present work summarizes the state of the art in the realization of PC's in diamond. It is based on the creation of a free standing diamond membrane into which the desired nano-sized patterns are milled by the use of Focused-Ion-Beam (FIB). The optimal fabrication-oriented structure parameters…
Nanocavity Confinement by Orthogonal Valley- and SSH- Topological Interfaces In Glide-Symmetric Photonic Crystal Structures
Institute of Science Tokyo（东京科学大学）；Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Inc.（NTT基础研究所）；Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Tokyo（东京大学电气电子工程系）；Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo（东京大学工业科学研究所）；Nanophotonics Center, NTT Inc.（NTT纳米光子学中心）
We demonstrate a high-contrast electro-optic modulation of a photonic crystal nanocavity integrated with an electrically gated monolayer graphene. A high quality (Q) factor air-slot nanocavity design is employed for high overlap between the optical field and graphene sheet. Tuning of graphene's Fermi level up to 0.8 eV enables efficient control of its complex dielectric constant, which allows modulation of the cavity reflection in excess of 10 dB for a swing voltage of only 1.5 V. We also observe a controllable resonance wavelength shift close to 2 nm around a wavelength of 1570 nm and a Q fac…
Light with nonzero orbital angular momentum (OAM) or twisted light is promising for quantum communication applications such as OAM-entangled photonic qubits. There exist photonic OAM to photonic spin angular momentum (SAM), as well as photonic SAM to electronic SAM interfaces but not any direct photonic OAM-electronic SAM (flying to stationary) media converter within a single device. Here, we propose a scheme which converts photonic OAM to electronic SAM and vice versa within a single nanophotonic device. We employed a photonic crystal nanocavity with an embedded quantum dot (QD) which confine…
We demonstrate laser oscillation in a hexagonal-lattice photonic crystal nanocavity using an InGaAs quantum dot gain material by optical pumping at 5 K. The cavity comprises a defect created by shifting several air holes in a two-dimensional photonic crystal slab structure without removing any air holes to achieve both small mode volume and a high cavity quality factor. The measured cavity quality factors and estimated mode volume for the nanocavity are ~33,000 and ~0.004 um^3. The laser threshold is compared between the zero-cell and L3-type nanocavity lasers, and the zero-cell nanolasers are…
We investigate the dispersion and transmission property of slow-light coupled-resonator optical waveguides that consist of more than 100 ultrahigh-Q photonic crystal cavities. We show that experimental group-delay spectra exhibited good agreement with numerically calculated dispersions obtained with the three-dimensional plane wave expansion method. Furthermore, a statistical analysis of the transmission property indicated that fabrication fluctuations in individual cavities are less relevant than in the localized regime. These behaviors are observed for a chain of up to 400 cavities.
We demonstrate strong coupling between a single quantum dot and a GaAs-based L4/3-type photonic crystal nanocavity. The L4/3 cavity supports a high theoretical Q factor (~8{\times}10^6), a small mode volume (~0.32 (λ/n)^3), and an electric field distribution with the maximum electric field lying within the host dielectric material, which facilitates strong coupling with a quantum dot. We fabricated L4/3 cavities and observed a high Q factor over 80,000 using photoluminescence measurement. We confirmed strong coupling between a single quantum dot and an L4/3 cavity with a Q factor of 33,000 by …
Topological phonics has emerged as a novel approach to engineer the flow of light and provides unprecedented means for developing diverse photonic elements, including robust optical waveguides immune to structural imperfections. However, the development of nanoscale standing-wave cavities in topological photonics is rather slow, despite its importance when building densely-integrated photonic integrated circuits. In this Letter, we report a photonic crystal nanocavity based on a topological corner state, supported at a 90-degrees-angled rim of a two dimensional photonic crystal. A combination …
We report on controlling the spontaneous emission (SE) rate of a molybdenum disulfide (MoS$_2$) monolayer coupled with a planar photonic crystal (PPC) nanocavity. Spatially resolved photoluminescence (PL) mapping shows strong variations of emission when the MoS$_2$ monolayer is on the PPC cavity, on the PPC lattice, on the air gap, and on the unpatterned gallium phosphide substrate. Polarization dependences of the cavity-coupled MoS$_2$ emission show a more than 5 times stronger extracted PL intensity than the un-coupled emission, which indicates an underlying cavity mode Purcell enhancement o…
On chip exciting electric modes in individual plasmonic nanostructures are realized widely; nevertheless, the excitation of their magnetic counterparts is seldom reported. Here, we propose a highly efficient on chip excitation approach of the magnetic dipole mode of an individual split ring resonator (SRR) by integrating it onto a photonic crystal nanocavity (PCNC). A high excitation efficiency of up to 58% is realized through the resonant coupling between the modes of the SRR and PCNC. A further fine adjustment of the excited magnetic dipole mode is demonstrated by tuning the relative positio…
We demonstrate a new optomechanical device system which allows highly efficient transduction of femtogram nanobeam resonators. Doubly clamped nanomechanical resonators with mass as small as 25 fg are embedded in a high-finesse two-dimensional photonic crystal nanocavity. Optical transduction of the fundamental flexural mode around 1 GHz was performed at room temperature and ambient conditions, with an observed displacement sensitivity of 0.94 fm/Hz^(1/2). Comparison of measurements from symmetric and asymmetric double-beam devices reveals hybridization of the mechanical modes where the structu…
Dipole-dipole interaction between two two-level `atoms' in photonic crystal nanocavity is investigated based on finite-difference time domain algorithm. This method includes both real and virtual photon effects and can be applied for dipoles with different transition frequencies in both weak and strong coupling regimes. Numerical validations have been made for dipoles in vacuum and in an ideal planar microcavity. For dipoles located in photonic crystal nanocavity, it is found that the cooperative decay parameters and the dipole-dipole interaction potential strongly depend on the following four…
We present pump-probe measurements of an all-optical photonic crystal switch based on a nanocavity, resolving fast coherent temporal dynamics. The measurements demonstrate the importance of coherent effects typically neglected when considering nanocavity dynamics. In particular, we report the observation of an idler pulse. The measurements are in good agreement with a theoretical model that allows us to ascribe the observation to oscillations of the free carrier population in the nanocavity. The effect opens perspectives for the realization of new all-optical photonic crystal switches with unp…
We provide a numerical study showing that a bottom reflector is indispensable to achieve unidirectional emission from a photonic-crystal (PhC) nanolaser. First, we study a PhC slab nanocavity suspended over a flat mirror formed by a dielectric or metal substrate. We find that the laser's vertical emission can be enhanced by more than a factor of six compared with the device in the absence of the mirror. Then, we study the situation where the PhC nanocavity is in contact with a flat metal surface. The underlying metal substrate may serve as both an electrical current pathway and a heat sink, wh…
We use the third- and fourth-order autocorrelation functions $g^{(3)}(τ_1,τ_2)$ and $g^{(4)}(τ_1,τ_2, τ_3)$ to detect the non-classical character of the light transmitted through a photonic-crystal nanocavity containing a strongly-coupled quantum dot probed with a train of coherent light pulses. We contrast the value of $g^{(3)}(0, 0)$ with the conventionally used $g^{(2)}(0)$ and demonstrate that in addition to being necessary for detecting two-photon states emitted by a low-intensity source, $g^{(3)}$ provides a more clear indication of the non-classical character of a light source. We also …
An H1 photonic crystal nanocavity is based on a single point defect and has eigenmodes with a variety of symmetric features. Thus, it is a promising building block for photonic tight-binding lattice systems that can be used in studies on condensed matter, non-Hermitian and topological physics. However, improving its radiative quality ($Q$) factor has been considered challenging. Here, we report the design of a hexapole mode of an H1 nanocavity with a $Q$ factor exceeding $10^8$. We achieved such extremely high-$Q$ conditions by designing only four structural modulation parameters thanks to the…
Subwavelength semiconductor nanowires have recently attracted interest for photonic applications because they possess various unique optical properties and offer great potential for miniaturizing devices. However, realizing tight light confinement or efficient coupling with photonic circuits is not straightforward and remains a challenge. Here we show that a high Q nanocavity can be created by placing a single III/V semiconductor nanowire with a diameter of under 100 nm in a grooved waveguide in a Si photonic crystal, by means of nanoprobe manipulation. We observe very fast spontaneous emissio…
Dielectric environment engineering via 2D material heterostructure formation on hybrid photonic crystal nanocavity
RIKEN Pioneering Research Institute（理化学研究所先驱研究本部）；RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics（理化学研究所先进光子学中心）；National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)（产业技术综合研究所）；Kobe University（神户大学）
Graphene plasmons are able to become the fundermental of novel conceptual photonic devices, resulting from their unique characteristics containing excitation at room temperature and tunable spectral selectivity in different frequencies. The pursuit of efficiently exciting and manipulating graphene plasmons is necessary and significant for high-performance devices. Here, we investigate graphene plasmon wave propagating in ferroelectric nanocavity array. We experimentally show that the the periodic ferroelectric polarizations could be used for doping graphene into desired spatial carrier density…
We propose and experimentally demonstrate a photonic crystal nanocavity with multiple resonances that can be tuned nearly independently. The design is composed of two orthogonal intersecting nanobeam cavities. Experimentally, we measure cavity quality factors of 6,600 and 1000 for resonances separated by 382 nm; we measure a maximum separation between resonances of 506 nm. These structures are promising for enhancing efficiency in nonlinear optical processes such as sum/difference frequency and stimulated Raman scattering.
Despite tremendous advances in the fundamentals and applications of cavity quantum electrodynamics (CQED), investigations in this field have primarily been limited to optical cavities composed of purely dielectric materials. Here, we demonstrate a hybrid metal-dielectric nanocavity design and realize it in the InAs/GaAs quantum photonics platform utilizing angled rotational metal evaporation. Key features of our nanometallic light-matter interface include: (i) order of magnitude reduction in mode volume compared to that of leading photonic crystal CQED systems; (ii) surface-emitting nanoscale …
We describe and experimentally demonstrate a technique for deterministic coupling between a photonic crystal (PC) nanocavity and single emitters. The technique is based on in-situ scanning of a PC cavity over a sample and allows the positioning of the cavity over a desired emitter with nanoscale resolution. The power of the technique, which we term a Scanning Cavity Microscope (SCM), is demonstrated by coupling the PC nanocavity to a single nitrogen vacancy (NV) center in diamond, an emitter system that provides optically accessible electron and nuclear spin qubits.
Devices based on two-dimensional photonic-crystal (2D-PC) nanocavities, which are defined by their air hole patterns, usually require a high quality (Q) factor to achieve high performance. We demonstrate that hole patterns with very high Q factors can be efficiently found by the iteration procedure consisting of: machine learning of the relation between the hole pattern and the corresponding Q factor, and new dataset generation based on the regression function obtained by machine learning. First a dataset comprising randomly generated cavity structures and their first principles Q factors is p…
The question of how to continuously manipulate a photonic system between a radiating state and a bound state is an important challenge in photonics, as its solution promises broad technological relevance for optical sensors, modulators, switches and displays. Existing approaches utilise the inherent wave-nature of electromagnetic fields to their advantage, and are commonly identified as bound states in the continuum (BICs), as they resemble singular bound states embedded in a band of radiating states. Although quasi-BICs have been demonstrated for numerous symmetric periodic photonic crystals,…
We investigate the connection between photonic local density of states and luminescent solar concentrator (LSC) performance in two manufacturable nanocavity LSC structures, a bilayer slab and a slab photonic crystal. Finite-difference time-domain electromagnetic simulations show that the waveguided luminescence photon flux can be enhanced up to 30% for the photonic crystal design over a conventional LSC operating in the ray optic limit assuming the same number of excited lumophores. Further photonic engineering could realize an increase of up to one order of magnitude in the flux of waveguided…
Vibrational resonance amplifies a weak low-frequency signal by use of an additional non-resonant high-frequency modulation. The realization of weak signal enhancement in integrated nonlinear optical nanocavities is of great interest for nanophotonic applications where optical signals may be of low power. Here, we report experimental observation of vibrational resonance in a thermo-optically bistable photonic crystal optomechanical resonator with an amplification up to +16 dB. The characterization of the bistability can interestingly be done using a mechanical resonance of the membrane, which i…
We demonstrate that graphene-based photonic superlattices provide a versatile platform for electrical and all-optical control of photonic beams with deep-subwavelength accuracy. Specifically, by inserting graphene sheets into periodic metallo-dielectric structures one can design optical superlattices that posses photonic Dirac points (DPs) at frequencies at which the spatial average of the permittivity of the superlattice, $\bar{ \varepsilon}$, vanishes. Similar to the well-known zero-$\bar{n}$ bandgaps, we show that these zero-$\bar{\varepsilon}$ DPs are highly robust against structural disor…
We experimentally demonstrated high quality factors (Q-factors) of nanocavities in three-dimensional photonic crystals by increasing the in-plane area of the structure. Entire structures made of GaAs were fabricated by a micro-manipulation technique, and the nanocavities contained InAs self-assembled quantum dots that emitted near-infrared light. The obtained Q-factor was improved to 93,000, which is 2.4-times larger than that in a previous report of a three-dimensional photonic crystal nanocavity. Due to this large Q-factor, we successfully observed a lasing oscillation from this cavity mode.
Energy-efficient optical control of photonic device properties is crucial for diverse photonic signal processing. Here we demonstrate extremely efficient optical tuning of photonic nanocavities, with only photon-level optical energy. With a lithium niobate photonic crystal nanocavity with an optical Q up to 1.41 million and an effective mode volume down to 0.78$(λ/n)^3$, we are able to achieve a resonance tuning rate of about 88.4~MHz/photon (0.67~GHz/aJ), which allows us to tune across the whole cavity resonance with only about 2.4 photons on average inside the cavity. Such a photon-level res…
The ability to actively tune the properties of a nanocavity is crucial for future applications in photonics and quantum information. Two important man-made classes of materials have emerged to mold the flow of electromagnetic waves. Firstly, photonic crystals are dielectric nanostructures that can be used to confine and slow down light and control its emission. They act primarily on the electric component of the light field. More recently, a novel class of metallo-dielectric nanostructures has emerged. These so-called metamaterials enable fascinating phenomena, such as negative refraction, sup…
By combining the large Purcell effect of photonic crystal nanocavity and the strong plasma dispersion effect of the transparent conductive oxides, ultra-compact silicon modulators with heterogeneously integrated indium-tin-oxide (ITO) can potentially achieve unprecedented energy efficiency to atto-joule per bit. In this article, we report the first high-speed silicon nanocavity modulator driven by an ITO gate, achieving 2.2 GHz bandwidth. On-off-key modulation is measured up to 5 Gb/s with only 2 V voltage swing and 18.3 fJ/bit energy efficiency. In addition, we perform in-depth analysis of th…
A design for an ultra-high Q photonic crystal nanocavity engineered to interact with nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers located near the surface of a single crystal diamond sample is presented. The structure is based upon a nanowire photonic crystal geometry, and consists of a patterned high refractive index membrane, such as gallium phosphide (GaP), supported by a diamond substrate. The nanocavity supports a mode with quality factor Q > 1.5 million and mode volume V < 0.52 (λ/n_\text{GaP})^3, and promises to allow Purcell enhanced collection of spontaneous emission from an NV located more than 50 …
Optical chirality is central to many industrial photonic technologies including enantiomer identification, ellipsometry-based tomography and spin multiplexing in optical communication. However, a substantial chiral response requires a typical three-dimensional (3D) constituent, thereby making the paradigm highly complex. Photonic devices integrated with microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) have shown potential for chiral light control by external stimuli, but the stimuli usually demand a destructive dosage. Here, we report a simple synthetic chiral paradigm that is electrically programmable w…
