光折射现象与引力弯曲现象的比较
Comparison of the Phenomena of Light Refraction and Gravitational Bending
摘要：
比较了光在电磁场和引力场作用下的性质。一旦考虑到时钟频率随与大质量物体的距离而变化的事实，就可以认为，在绝对意义上，光的频率在两种相互作用中保持不变。本文还指出，爱因斯坦所用的标准的曲率角的光线通过接近太阳是不是他们的实际轨迹，而是惠更斯原理。后者只要求光速随离引力源的距离而变化，以产生可测量的效应。因此，在日食期间观测到的恒星图像的位移可以根据光的波前旋转来解释，而无需假设单个光子实际上被太阳偏转。希夫在1960年报告的一项计算，基于光在所有局部观测者的直线上传播的假设，获得了与爱因斯坦原始工作相同的恒星图像位移角的封闭表达式，以支持这一解释。由于光被认为在任何给定的均匀透明介质中遵循直线轨迹，因此有人认为光折射和引力弯曲比通常认识到的有更多的共同点。
英文摘要：
The properties of light in the presence of electromagnetic and gravitational fields are compared. Once one takes account of the fact that clock rates vary with distance from a massive object, it is argued that in an absolute sense light frequencies remain constant in both interactions. It is also pointed out that the criterion used by Einstein for the angle of curvature of light rays passing close to the sun is not their actual trajectory but rather Huygens' Principle. The latter only requires that the speed of light vary with distance from a gravitational source in order to produce a measurable effect. As a result, the observed displacement of star images during solar eclipses can be explained on the basis of a rotation of the wave front of light without assuming that individual photons are actually deflected by the sun. A calculation reported by Schiff in 1960 based on the assumption that light travels in a straight line for all local observers obtains the same closed expression for the angle of displacement of star images as in Einstein's original work, in support of this interpretation. Since light is believed to follow a straight-line trajectory within any given homogeneous transparent medium, it is argued that light refraction and gravitational bending have more in common than is generally realized.
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