arXiv 0904.01522009-04-01astro-ph.CO

早期（z>1）宇宙中的尘埃

Dust in the Early (z>1) Universe

Fabian Walter

备注：: 20 pages, review to appear in "Cosmic Dust -- Near and Far", ed. Th. Henning, E. Grun, J. Steinacker (ASP Conf. Series)

摘要：

虽然在宇宙学距离上的尘埃发射仅在十多年前被探测到，但自那时以来，在描述高红移系统的远红外发射方面已经取得了显着的进展。在高红移的星系中能够探测到尘埃这一事实本身就很引人注目，原因有二：（a）即使在宇宙的早期（一直到宇宙的第一个回旋期），尘埃的产生显然是非常有效的，（b）由于逆K校正（“（亚）毫米的魔力”），使用现有的设施实际上有可能探测到这种尘埃的排放。利用单碟望远镜上的测辐射热计相机进行的深盲观测发现了z~2处的大量恒星形成系统，即所谓的亚毫米星系（SMG）。后续的无线电和毫米波干涉观测有助于确定其主要物理特性（如远红外光度和隐含的恒星形成率）。使用叠加技术对较暗的光学/近红外选择类星系的平均FIR特性进行了限制。对稀有类星体的有针对性的观测为整个宇宙时期类星体宿主星系中的主要恒星形成活动提供了证据。在SMG和类星体中都检测到了分子气体和PAH特征，为最亮系统中的主要恒星形成事件（SFR 500-3000 M_sun/yr）提供了额外的证据。尽管近年来已经取得了显著的进展，但目前的设施未能发现任何显著红移（z>0.5）的主要局部恒星爆发（如Arp 220）的对应物。只有ALMA能够超越冰山一角，研究典型恒星形成系统的尘埃和远红外特性，一直到宇宙再电离时代（z>>6）。

英文摘要：

Although dust emission at cosmological distances has only been detected a little more than a decade ago, remarkable progress has been achieved since then in characterizing the far-infrared emission of high-redshift systems. The mere fact that dust can be detected in galaxies at high redshift is remarkable for two reasons: (a) even at very early cosmic epochs (all the way to the first Gyr of the universe), dust production was apparently very effective, (b) due to the inverse K-correction (`the magic of (sub-)millimeter') is it actually possible to detect this dust emission using current facilities. Deep blind surveys using bolometer cameras on single dish telescopes have uncovered a population of massively starforming systems at z~2, the so-called submillimeter galaxies (SMGs). Follow-up radio and millimeter interferometric observations helped to characterize their main physical properties (such as far-infrared luminosities and implied star formation rates). Average FIR properties of fainter optically/NIR-selected classes of galaxies have been constrained using stacking techniques. Targeted observations of the rare quasars have provided evidence for major star formation activity in quasar host galaxies throughout cosmic times. Molecular gas and PAH features have been detected in both SMGs and quasars, providing additional evidence for major star formation episodes (SFR 500-3000 M_sun/yr) in the brightest systems. Even though remarkable progress has been achieved in recent years, current facilities fail to uncover the counterparts of even major local starbursts (such as Arp220) at any significant redshift (z>0.5). Only ALMA will be able to go beyond the tip of the iceberg to study the dust and FIR properties of typical star forming systems, all the way out to the epoch of cosmic reionization (z>>6).

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