Far-infrared Observations of the Very Low-Luminosity Embedded Source L1521F-IRS in the Taurus Star-Forming Region
Susan Terebey, Michel Fich, Alberto Noriega-Crespo, Deborah L. Padgett, Misato Fukagawa, Marc Audard, Tim Brooke, Sean Carey, Neal J. Evans, Manuel Guedel, Dean… 展开作者
Susan Terebey, Michel Fich, Alberto Noriega-Crespo, Deborah L. Padgett, Misato Fukagawa, Marc Audard, Tim Brooke, Sean Carey, Neal J. Evans, Manuel Guedel, Dean Hines, Tracy Huard, Gillian R. Knapp, Caer-Eve McCabe, Francois Menard, Jean-Louis Monin, Luisa Rebull
我们调查的环境非常低光度的对象L1521 F IRS使用的数据从金牛座斯皮策遗产调查。MIPS 160微米的图像显示了金牛座云的扩展发射以及1X 2度区域内多个冷核的发射。分析表明，云尘温度为14.2 ± 0.4K，消光比为A_160/A_K = 0.010 ± 0.001，直到A_V ~ 4等，气尘混合物的比不透明度kappa_160 = 0.23 ± 0.046 cm ^2/g。因此，对于金牛座云中的尘埃，我们发现160微米的不透明度显着高于漫ISM测量的，但不是太不同的密集的核心，即使在适度的消光值。此外，160 um图像显示了IRAS 100 um图像中未出现的特征。我们确定了6个冷核区域，即冷于14.2 K，所有这些区域在灭绝图或C18 O图中都有对应的区域。我们比较了L1521 F IRS对其出生核的影响，发现没有证据表明嵌入源在160或100 μ m处加热尘埃。由红外光度L_TIR = 0.024Lo，我们得到L_bol = 0.034 - 0.046L_o，从而证实了源的低光度。比较L1521 F IRS与恒星形成早期阶段的理论模拟，似乎排除了第一个核心坍缩阶段。演化状态看起来类似于或比0级阶段更年轻，估计的质量可能是亚恒星。
英文摘要：
We investigate the environment of the very low-luminosity object L1521F IRS using data from the Taurus Spitzer Legacy Survey. The MIPS 160 micron image shows both extended emission from the Taurus cloud as well as emission from multiple cold cores over a 1 X 2 deg region. Analysis shows that the cloud dust temperature is 14.2 +- 0.4 K and the extinction ratio is A_160/A_K = 0.010 +- 0.001 up to A_V ~ 4 mag. We find kappa_160 = 0.23 +- 0.046 cm^2/g for the specific opacity of the gas-dust mixture. Therefore, for dust in the Taurus cloud we find the 160 um opacity is significantly higher than that measured for the diffuse ISM, but not too different from dense cores, even at modest extinction values. Furthermore, the 160 um image shows features that do not appear in the IRAS 100 um image. We identify six regions as cold cores, i.e. colder than 14.2 K, all of which have counterparts in extinction maps or C18O maps. We compare the effects of L1521F IRS on its natal core and find there is no evidence for dust heating at 160 or 100 um by the embedded source. From the infrared luminosity L_TIR = 0.024 Lo we find L_bol = 0.034 - 0.046L_o, thus confirming the source's low-luminosity. Comparison of L1521F IRS with theoretical simulations for the very early phases of star formation appears to rule out the first core collapse phase. The evolutionary state appears similar to or younger than the class 0 phase, and the estimated mass is likely to be substellar.
The Taurus-Auriga complex is the prototypical low-mass star forming region, and provides a unique testbed of the star formation process, which left observable imprints on the spatial, kinematic, and temporal structure of its stellar population. Taurus's rich observational history has uncovered peculiarities that suggest a complicated star forming event, such as members at large distances from the molecular clouds and evidence of an age spread. With Gaia, an in-depth study of the Taurus census is possible to confirm membership, identify substructure, and reconstruct its star formation history. …
The high-precision astrometry from the second data release of the Gaia mission has made it possible to greatly improve the census of members of nearby clusters and associations. I have applied the Gaia data to the Taurus star-forming region, refining the sample of known members and identifying candidates for undiscovered members. The resulting samples of members and candidates provide the best constraints to date on the distribution of ages and the initial mass function (IMF) in Taurus. Several studies over the last 30 years have proposed the existence of a population of older stars (>=10 Myr)…
I have used high-precision photometry and astrometry from the third data release of Gaia (DR3) to perform a survey for members of the Taurus star-forming region and young associations in its vicinity. This work has produced a new catalog of 532 adopted members of Taurus, which has only minor changes relative to the previous catalog from Esplin & Luhman 2019. I have used the Gaia astrometry to divide the Taurus members into 13 groups that have distinct kinematics. Meanwhile, I have identified 1378 candidate members of seven associations near Taurus. All of these associations have histograms of …
Context. Taurus represents an ideal region to study the three-dimensional distribution of the young stellar population and relate it to the associated molecular cloud. Aims. The second Gaia data release (DR2) enables us to investigate the Taurus complex in three dimensions, starting from a previously defined robust membership. The molecular cloud structured in filaments can be traced in emission using the public far-infrared maps from Herschel. Methods. From a compiled catalog of spectroscopically confirmed members, we analyze the 283 sources with reliable parallax and proper motions in the Ga…
We present new trigonometric parallaxes and proper motions of young stellar objects in the Taurus molecular cloud complex from observations collected with the Very Long Baseline Array as part of the Gould's Belt Distances Survey (GOBELINS). We detected 26 young stellar objects and derived trigonometric parallaxes for 18 stars with an accuracy of 0.3$\%$ to a few percent. We modeled the orbits of six binaries and determined the dynamical masses of the individual components in four of these systems (V1023 Tau, T Tau S, V807 Tau and V1000 Tau). Our results are consistent with the first trigonomet…
The projected stellar rotational velocity ($v \sin i$) is critical for our understanding of processes related to the evolution of angular momentum in pre-main sequence stars. We present $v \sin i$ measurements of high-resolution infrared and optical spectroscopy for 70 pre-main sequence stars in the Taurus-Auriga star-forming region, in addition to effective temperatures measured from line-depth ratios, and stellar rotation periods determined from optical photometry. From the literature, we identified the stars in our sample that show evidence of residing in circumstellar disks or multiple sys…
Multiplicity and clustering of young pre-main sequence stars appear as critical clues to constrain the star formation process. Taurus is the archetypical example of the most quiescent star forming regions that may still retain primeval signatures of star formation. This work identifies local overdense stellar structures at the 99.8\% confidence level above random expectation using the DBSCAN algorithm, and setting its free parameters based on the one-point correlation function and the k-nearest neighbor statistics. Nearly half of the entire stellar population in Taurus is found to be concentra…
We are conducting a proper-motion survey for young brown dwarfs in the Taurus-Auriga molecular cloud based on the Pan-STARRS1 3$π$ Survey. Our search uses multi-band photometry and astrometry to select candidates, and is wider (370 deg$^{2}$) and deeper (down to $\approx$3 M$_{\rm Jup}$) than previous searches. We present here our search methods and spectroscopic follow-up of our high-priority candidates. Since extinction complicates spectral classification, we have developed a new approach using low-resolution ($R \approx 100$) near-infrared spectra to quantify reddening-free spectral types, …
L1551 IRS 5 is a FUor-like object located in the Taurus star forming region. We present ALMA 1.3 mm continuum observations using a wide range of baselines. The observations recovered the two circumstellar disks composing the system and, for the first time, resolved the circumbinary ring. We determined the geometry and estimated lower mass limits for the circumstellar disks using simple models. We calculated lower limits for the total mass of both circumstellar disks. After subtracting the two circumstellar disk models from the image, the residuals show a clearly resolved circumbinary ring. Usi…
Aims:We take advantage of the second data release of the Gaia space mission and the state-of-the-art astrometry delivered from very long baseline interferometry observations to revisit the structure and kinematics of the nearby Taurus star-forming region. Methods: We apply a hierarchical clustering algorithm for partitioning the stars in our sample into groups (i.e., clusters) that are associated with the various molecular clouds of the complex, and derive the distance and spatial velocity of individual stars and their corresponding molecular clouds. Results: We show that the molecular clouds …
The recently discovered exoplanets in binary or higher-order multiple stellar systems sparked a new interest in the study of proto-planetary discs in stellar aggregations. Here we focus on disc solids, as they make up the reservoir out of which exoplanets are assembled and dominate (sub-)millimetre disc observations. These observations suggest that discs in binary systems are fainter and smaller than in isolated systems. In addition, disc dust sizes are consistent with tidal truncation only if they orbit very eccentric binaries. In a previous study we showed that the presence of a stellar comp…
We present a comprehensive study of the variability properties of young disk-bearing stars in the Taurus star-forming region, paralleling our previous investigation in rho Oph and Upper Sco. A sample of 99 confirmed Taurus association members is placed in the diagnostic Q-M plane of flux asymmetry (M) and quasi-periodicity (Q), which guides our assignment of variability classes. We find a similar proportion of flux-symmetric variables in Taurus, but more bursters and fewer dippers relative to Upper Sco. The regions also differ in that the amplitudes for periodic and quasi-periodic sources are …
In the framework of the GIARPS@TNG High-resolution Observations of T Tauri stars (GHOsT) project, we study the accretion properties of 37 Classical T Tauri Stars of the Taurus-Auriga star forming region (SFR) with the aim of characterizing their relation with the properties of the central star, of jets and disk winds, and of the global disk structure, in synergy with complementary ALMA millimiter observations. We derive stellar parameters, optical veiling, accretion luminosity ($\rm L_{acc}$) and mass accretion rate ($\rm \dot M_{acc}$) in a homogeneous and self-consistent way using high-resol…
Spatial correlations among proto-planetary disk orientations carry unique information on physics of multiple star formation processes. We select five nearby star-forming regions that comprise a number of proto-planetary disks with spatially-resolved images with ALMA and HST, and search for the mutual alignment of the disk axes. Specifically, we apply the Kuiper test to examine the statistical uniformity of the position angle (PA: the angle of the major axis of the projected disk ellipse measured counter-clockwise from the north) distribution. The disks located in the star-forming regions, exce…
A Search for L/T Transition Dwarfs With Pan-STARRS1 and WISE. III. Young L Dwarf Discoveries and Proper Motion Catalogs in Taurus and Scorpius-Centaurus
我们提出了在金牛座恒星形成区和天蝎座-半人马座OB协会中发现的八颗年轻的M7-L2矮星，这是在使用Pan-STARRS 1（光学）和WISE（中红外）测光进行L/T过渡矮星的宽视场搜索期间偶然发现的。我们将PSO J060.3200+25.9644（近红外光谱类型L1）和PSO J077.1033+24.3809（L2）确定为金牛座的新成员，这是基于它们的VL-G重力分类，它们的测光和自行与先前已知的金牛座天体的一致性，以及被场天体污染的可能性很低。PSO J077.1033+24.3809是迄今为止发现的最冷的金牛座亚恒星成员。这两个金牛座天体都是有史以来发现的质量最低的自由漂浮天体之一，估计质量为$\approx$ 6 M $_{\rm Jup}$，并提供了进一步的证据，证明孤立的行星质量天体可以作为正常恒星形成过程的一部分形成。PSO J060.3200+25.9644（又名DANCe J040116.80+255752.2）之前被认为是昴星团的成员（年龄$\approx125$ Myr），但它的VL-G重力分类和近红外测光意味着一个更年轻的年龄，因此指向金牛座成员。我们还在天蝎座-半人马座的外围区域发现了6颗M7-L1矮星，其测光、自行和低重力光谱特征与成员资格一致。这些物体的估计质量为$\approx$ 15-36 M $_{\rm Jup}$。M7矮星PSO J237.…
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Rings are the most frequently revealed substructure in ALMA dust observations of protoplanetary disks, but their origin is still hotly debated. In this paper, we identify dust substructures in 12 disks and measure their properties to investigate how they form. This subsample of disks is selected from a high-resolution ($\sim0.12''$) ALMA 1.33 mm survey of 32 disks in the Taurus star-forming region, which was designed to cover a wide range of sub-mm brightness and to be unbiased to previously known substructures. While axisymmetric rings and gaps are common within our sample, spiral patterns an…
