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arXiv 0902.4795astro-ph.HE
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宇宙中粒子加速--理解宇宙射线的天体物理学问题

Particle Acceleration in Cosmic Sites - Astrophysics Issues in our Understanding of Cosmic Rays

Roland Diehl

摘要:

探索等离子体条件和受激粒子加速的实验室实验可以阐明宇宙粒子加速过程的各个方面。在这里,我们讨论宇宙射线候选源对象的品种,以及已经了解到的粒子加速特性。我们确定了天体物理学家之间讨论的未决问题。--宇宙线微分强度谱是一个相当平滑的幂律谱,在“膝盖”(~10^15 eV)和“脚踝”(~3 10^18 eV)处有两个扭结。目前还不清楚这些扭结是否与不同主导源之间的边界有关,或者更确切地说与宇宙射线传播的特征有关。我们相信,在10^17电子伏特甚至更高的能量范围内,银河系的辐射源占主导地位,而在10^15--10^18电子伏特的范围内,最高能量的宇宙射线的河外辐射源与银河系的辐射源相当平滑地融合在一起。脉冲星和超新星遗迹是产生银河宇宙射线的主要候选者,而活动星系的核被认为是产生河外起源的超高能宇宙射线的最佳候选者。加速过程与高能源(如超新星爆炸或物质吸积到黑洞上)猛烈喷射物质所产生的冲击有关。这种加速的细节是困难的,因为相对论性粒子改变了激波的结构,简单的近似或微扰计算是不能令人满意的。这就是实验室等离子体实验的贡献,启发在这种条件下发生的非线性过程。

英文摘要:

Laboratory experiments to explore plasma conditions and stimulated particle acceleration can illuminate aspects of the cosmic particle acceleration process. Here we discuss the cosmic-ray candidate source object variety, and what has been learned about their particle-acceleration characteristics. We identify open issues as discussed among astrophysicists. -- The cosmic ray differential intensity spectrum is a rather smooth power-law spectrum, with two kinks at the "knee" (~10^15 eV) and at the "ankle" (~3 10^18 eV). It is unclear if these kinks are related to boundaries between different dominating sources, or rather related to characteristics of cosmic-ray propagation. We believe that Galactic sources dominate up to 10^17 eV or even above, and the extragalactic origin of cosmic rays at highest energies merges rather smoothly with Galactic contributions throughout the 10^15--10^18 eV range. Pulsars and supernova remnants are among the prime candidates for Galactic cosmic-ray production, while nuclei of active galaxies are considered best candidates to produce ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays of extragalactic origin. Acceleration processes are related to shocks from violent ejections of matter from energetic sources such as supernova explosions or matter accretion onto black holes. Details of such acceleration are difficult, as relativistic particles modify the structure of the shock, and simple approximations or perturbation calculations are unsatisfactory. This is where laboratory plasma experiments are expected to contribute, to enlighten the non-linear processes which occur under such conditions.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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