宇宙中的暗物质结构：未来十年光学天文学展望
Dark Matter Structures in the Universe: Prospects for Optical Astronomy in the Next Decade
摘要：
引力驱动的等级结构形成的冷暗物质理论通过解释宇宙距离和时间的大跨度上的物质分布而赢得了它作为范例的地位。然而，它的核心原则，即宇宙中的大多数物质都是黑暗的和奇异的，仍然没有得到证实;暗物质假设是足够大胆的，以继续保证各种各样的测试电池。虽然局部搜索暗物质粒子或其湮灭信号可以证明物质本身的存在，但对宇宙学暗物质的原位研究对于充分理解其在结构形成和演化中的作用至关重要。我们认为，引力透镜提供了最干净和最深远的探测宇宙中的暗物质，它可以与其他观测技术相结合，以回答最具挑战性和最令人兴奋的问题，将推动该主题在未来十年：什么是亚星系尺度上的质量分布？星系盘是如何形成的，而在暗物质晕中又是如何膨胀的？CDM对晕结构的预测有多准确？我们能区分对新物质（暗物质）的需求和对新物理学（偏离广义相对论）的需求吗？暗物质到底是由什么构成的？我们建议，在这个程序中的中心工具应该是一个宽视场的光学成像调查，其真正的价值是实现与支持的形式，高分辨率，有节奏的光学/红外成像，和高通量光学光谱。
英文摘要：
The Cold Dark Matter theory of gravitationally-driven hierarchical structure formation has earned its status as a paradigm by explaining the distribution of matter over large spans of cosmic distance and time. However, its central tenet, that most of the matter in the universe is dark and exotic, is still unproven; the dark matter hypothesis is sufficiently audacious as to continue to warrant a diverse battery of tests. While local searches for dark matter particles or their annihilation signals could prove the existence of the substance itself, studies of cosmological dark matter in situ are vital to fully understand its role in structure formation and evolution. We argue that gravitational lensing provides the cleanest and farthest-reaching probe of dark matter in the universe, which can be combined with other observational techniques to answer the most challenging and exciting questions that will drive the subject in the next decade: What is the distribution of mass on sub-galactic scales? How do galaxy disks form and bulges grow in dark matter halos? How accurate are CDM predictions of halo structure? Can we distinguish between a need for a new substance (dark matter) and a need for new physics (departures from General Relativity)? What is the dark matter made of anyway? We propose that the central tool in this program should be a wide-field optical imaging survey, whose true value is realized with support in the form of high-resolution, cadenced optical/infra-red imaging, and massive-throughput optical spectroscopy.
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