The atomic masses of 130Te and 130Xe have been obtained by measuring cyclotron frequency ratios of pairs of triply-charged ions simultaneously trapped in a Penning trap. The results with one standard deviation uncertainty are M(130Te) = 129.906 222 744(16) u and M(130Xe) = 129.903 509 351(15) u. Allowing for cancellation of systematic errors in the mass difference, the double-beta-decay Q-value, required for searches for the neutrino-less double-beta-decay of 130Te, is determined to be Qbb (130Te) = 2527.518(13) keV.
Possibilities to search for double beta decay of alpha/beta unstable nuclei, many of which have higher energy release than "conventional" (beta stable) double beta decay candidates, are discussed. First experimental half-life limits on double beta decay of radioactive nuclides from U and Th families (trace contaminants of the CaWO_4, CdWO_4 and Gd_2SiO_5 scintillators) were established by reanalyzing the data of low-background measurements in the Solotvina Underground Laboratory with these detectors (1734 h with CaWO_4, 13316 h with CdWO_4, and 13949 h with Gd_2SiO_5 crystals).
Active background reduction in high resolution calorimeters is a promising approach to achieve ultimate sensitivity in neutrinoless double beta decay experiments. We propose Cerenkov emission from beta rays in bolometric crystals as a viable alternative to scintillation. This novel approach could broaden the range of materials of interest for calorimetric searches of the double beta decay. We discuss the optical properties of TeO$_2$ crystals, as a show case.
At least one neutrino has a mass of about 50 meV or larger. However, the absolute mass scale for the neutrino remains unknown. Studies of double beta decay offer hope for determining the absolute mass scale. Furthermore, the critical question: Is the neutrino its own antiparticle? is unanswered. In particular, zero-neutrino double beta decay can address the issues of lepton number conservation, the particle-antiparticle nature of the neutrino, and its mass. A summary of the recent progress in double beta decay, and the related technologies will be discussed in the context of the future double …
Spectroscopic studies of two beta-rays from 100Mo are shown to be of potential interest for investigating both the Majorana neutrino mass by neutrinoless double beta-decay and low energy solar neutrino's by inverse beta-decay. With a multi-ton 100Mo detector, coincidence studies of correlated beta-beta from neutrinoless double beta-decay, together with the large Q value, permit identification of the neutrino-mass term with a sensitivity of ~ 0.03 eV. Correlation studies of the inverse beta and the successive beta-decay of 100Tc, together with the large capture rates for low energy solar neutri…
Main achievements during 75 years of research on double beta decay have been reviewed. The existing experimental data have been presented and the capabilities of the next-generation detectors have been demonstrated.
Neutrinoless double beta decay is one of the most powerful tools to set the neutrino mass absolute scale and establish whether the neutrino is a Majorana particle. After a summary of the neutrinoless double beta decay phenomenology, the present status of the experimental search for this rare decay is reported and the prospects for next generation experiments are reviewed.
The present status of double beta decay experiments is reviewed. The results of the most sensitive experiments are discussed. Proposals for future double beta decay experiments with a sensitivity to the $< m_ν >$ at the level of (0.01--0.1) eV are considered.
In the field of Double Beta Decay (DBD) searches, the use of high resolution detectors in which background can be actively discriminated is very appealing. Scintillating bolometers containing a Double Beta Decay emitter can largely fulfill this very interesting possibility. In this paper we present the latest results obtained with CdWO4 and CaMoO4 crystals. Moreover we report, for the first time, a very interesting feature of CaMoO4 bolometers: the possibility to discriminate beta-gamma events from those induced by alpha particles thanks to different thermal pulse shape.
The brief review of current experiments on search and studying of double beta decay processes is done. Best present limits on $\langle m_ν \rangle$ and $\langle g_{ee} \rangle$ are presented. Prospects of search for neutrinoless double beta decay in new experiments with sensitivity to $\langle m_ν\rangle$ at the level of $\sim$ 0.01-0.1 eV are discussed.
Detector DEVIS is TPC in the magnetic field. It is dedicated to the investigation of the double-beta decay of Xe. Setup sensitivity was estimated in the series of measurements with Xe with natural isotopes composition. Detector allows measuring two-neutrino double-beta decay of $^{136}$Xe with half-life less than $3 \cdot 10^{20}$ years.
Energy resolution, alpha/beta ratio, pulse-shape discrimination for gamma rays and alpha particles, radioactive contamination were studied with neodymium doped yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG:Nd). Applicability of YAG:Nd scintillators to search for double beta decay and alpha activity of natural neodymium isotopes are discussed.
A brief review on double beta decay to excited states of daughter nuclei is given. The ECEC(ov) transision to the excited states are discussed in association with a possible enhancement of the decay rate by several orders of magnitude.
Pulse shape analysis is an important background reduction and signal identification technique for next generation of neutrinoless double-beta decay experiments examining 76Ge. We present a study of the systematic uncertainties in one such parametric pulse-shape analysis technique for separating multi-site backgrounds from single-site signal events. We examined systematic uncertainties for events in full-energy gamma peaks (predominantly multi-site), double escape peaks (predominantly single-site) and the Compton continuum near double-beta decay endpoint (which will be the dominant background f…
The next generation of double-beta decay experiments have an excellent chance of providing data on the neutrino mass pattern. This presentation is a summary of what is currently known about the mass pattern and expectations from experiment. Uncertainties due to the precision in the oscillation parameters are not critical to the interpretation of a zero-neutrino, double-beta decay measurement in terms of the mass pattern. Even though there is reason for optimism, the matrix element uncertainty is still a concern. A selected, representative group of the future experiments is discussed.
Results of several double beta decay experiments, performed with the help of low background crystal scintillators, are presented. In particular, the half-life value of the two-neutrino double beta decay of 116-Cd has been measured as 2.9 10^{19} yr, and the new half-life limit on the neutrinoless double beta decay of 116-Cd has been established as >1.7 10^{23} yr at 90%, which corresponds to a restriction on the neutrino mass <1.7 eV. New half-life bounds on the level of 10^{17}-10^{21} yr were set for double beta processes in 64-Zn, 70-Zn, 106-Cd, 108-Cd, 114-Cd, 136-Ce, 138-Ce, 142-Ce, 160-G…
Penning trap measurements using mixed beams of 100Mo - 100Ru and 76Ge - 76Se have been utilized to determine the double-beta decay Q-values of 100Mo and 76Ge with uncertainties less than 200 eV. The value for 76Ge, 2039.04(16) keV is in agreement with the published SMILETRAP value. The new value for 100Mo, 3034.40(17) keV is 30 times more precise than the previous literature value, sufficient for the ongoing neutrinoless double-beta decay searches in 100Mo. Moreover, the precise Q-value is used to calculate the phase-space integrals and the experimental nuclear matrix element of double-beta de…
Energy resolution, alpha/beta ratio, and the pulse shape discrimination ability of the ZnWO_4 crystal scintillators were studied. The radioactive contamination of a ZnWO_4 crystal was investigated in the Solotvina Underground Laboratory. Possibilities to apply ZnWO_4 crystals for the dark matter and double beta decay searches are discussed. New improved half-life limits on double beta decay in zinc isotopes were established, in particular, for ECβ^+ decay of 64-Zn as: T_1/2^2nu > 8.9 10^18 yr and T_1/2^0nu > 3.6 10^18 yr, both at 68% CL.
A collection of stories is presented on discoveries of double beta decay (including neutrinoless one) which were refuted in the subsequent investigations.
Nuclear matrix elements (NMEs) for two neutrino double beta decays are discussed in terms of the Fermi Surface Quasi-Particle (FSQP) Model. The evaluated NMEs agree with the observed NMEs . The new NMEs for two neutrino double beta decays from Kr78, Cd106, Ba130, and Pd110 were evaluated by FSQP. The NMEs show shell configuration dependence. Impacts of the FSQP NMEs for two neutrino double beta decays on the NMEs for neutrino less double beta decays are discussed.
Crystal scintillators are very promising detectors to investigate double beta decay of atomic nuclei. Recent achievements in development and application of tungstate and molybdate crystal scintillators as well as prospects for the next generation double beta decay experiments are discussed.
The current situation in double beta decay experiments , the characteristics of modern detectors and the possibility of increasing the sensitivity to neutrino mass in future experiments are discussed. The issue of the production and use of enriched isotopes in double beta decay experiments is discussed in addition.
Neutrinoless double beta decay is a lepton number violating process whose observation would also establish that neutrinos are their own anti-particles. There are many experimental efforts with a variety of techniques. Some (EXO, Kamland-Zen, GERDA phase I and CANDLES) started take data in 2011 and EXO has reported the first measurement of the half life for the double beta decay with two neutrinos of $^{136}$Xe. The sensitivities of the different proposals are reviewed.
We investigate several Pb$(n,n'γ$) and Ge$(n,n'γ$) reactions. We measure $γ$-ray production from Pb$(n,n'γ$) reactions that can be a significant background for double-beta decay experiments which use lead as a massive inner shield. Particularly worrisome for Ge-based double-beta decay experiments are the 2041-keV and 3062-keV $γ$ rays produced via Pb$(n,n'γ$). The former is very close to the ^{76}Ge double-beta decay endpoint energy and the latter has a double escape peak energy near the endpoint. Excitation $γ$-ray lines from Ge$(n,n'γ$) reactions are also observed. We consider the contributi…
In anticipation of results from current and future double-beta decay studies, we report a measurement resulting in a 82Se double-beta decay Q-value of 2997.9(3) keV, an order of magnitude more precise than the currently accepted value. We also present preliminary results of a calculation of the 82Se neutrinoless double-beta decay nuclear matrix element that corrects in part for the small size of the shell model single-particle space. The results of this work are important for designing next generation double-beta decay experiments and for the theoretical interpretations of their observations.
Neutrinoless double beta decays in liquid xenon produce a significant amount of Cherenkov light, with a photon number and angular distribution that distinguishes these events from common backgrounds. A GEANT4 simulation was used to simulate Cherenkov photon production and measurement in a liquid xenon detector and a multilayer perceptron was used to analyze the resulting distributions to classify events based on their Cherenkov photons. Our results show that a modest improvement in the sensitivity of neutrinoless double beta decay searches is possible using this technique, but the kinematics o…
Xenon time projection chambers (TPCs) have become a well-established detection technology for neutrinoless double beta decay searches in $^{136}$Xe. I discuss the motivations for this choice. I describe the status and prospects of both liquid and gaseous xenon TPC projects for double beta decay.
Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay is a hypothesised nuclear process in which two neutrons simultaneously decay into protons with no neutrino emission. The prized observation of this decay would point to the existence of a process that violates a fundamental symmetry of the Standard Model of Particle Physics, and would allow to establish the nature of neutrinos. Today, the lower limits on the half-life of this process exceed 10$^{25}$-10$^{26}$ yr. I will review the current status of the searches for Double Beta Decay and the perspectives to enhance the experimental sensitivity in the next years.
The search for neutrinoless double beta decay is a rich source for new physics. The observation of this decay will lead to understanding of the absolute mass scale of neutrinos, the Majorana nature of the neutrino (whether the neutrino is its own anti-particle), and lepton number violation. Double beta decay is being investigated around the world by several experiments using different candidate isotopes. There has been much progress made in experimental techniques recently such that achieving sensitivity to neutrino masses at 50 meV and below will be possible in the near future. A summary of r…
The search for neutrino-less double-beta decay has been a very active field of research in the last decade. Neutrino-less double-beta decay may answer essential open questions in neutrino physics. While double-beta decay accompanied by the emission of two neutrinos is allowed by the Standard Model, the neutrino-less process requires neutrinos to be Majorana particles. Detecting this decay could determine the nature of neutrinos, the neutrino effective mass, and the mass hierarchy. Xenon-136 and germanium-76 experiments currently have the best sensitivities. For both isotopes the lifetime of ne…
Many experiments whose goal is the search for neutrino-less double beta decay are taking data or in a final construction stage. The need for a tool that allows for an objective comparison between the sensitivity of different experiments is mandatory in order to understand the potential of the next generation projects and focus on the best promising technologies.
The study of neutrinoless double-beta decay plays a fundamental role in the understanding of neutrino physics. Its observation would prove that neutrinos are Majorana particles and that lepton number is not conserved. Experimental searches demand detectors with a very large source mass and extremely low background. We report on planned future experimental searches and discuss their expected sensitivities.
We present a generator-coordinate calculation, based on a relativistic energy-density functional, of the low-lying spectra in the isotopes $^{150}$Nd and $^{150}$Sm and of the nuclear matrix element that governs the neutrinoless double-beta decay of the first isotope to the second. We carefully examine the impact of octupole correlations on both nuclear structure and the double-beta decay matrix element. Octupole correlations turn out to reduce quadrupole collectivity in both nuclei. Shape fluctuations, however, dilute the effects of octupole deformation on the double-beta decay matrix element…
The physics potential of neutrinoless double beta decay is discussed. Furthermore, experimental considerations are presented as well as the current status of experiments. Finally an outlook towards the future, work on nuclear matrix elements and alternative processes is given.
At least one neutrino has a mass of about 50 meV or larger. However, the absolute mass scale for the neutrino remains unknown. Furthermore, the critical question: Is the neutrino its own antiparticle? is unanswered. Studies of double beta decay offer hope for determining the absolute mass scale. In particular, zero-neutrino double beta decay (\BBz) can address the issues of lepton number conservation, the particle-antiparticle nature of the neutrino, and its mass. A summary of the recent results in \BBz, and the related technologies will be discussed in the context of the future \BBz\ program.
In the minimal supersymmetric extension to the Standard Model, a non-zero lepton number violating coupling lambda'_111 predicts both neutrinoless double beta decay and resonant single slepton production at the LHC. We show that, in this case, if neutrinoless double beta decay is discovered in the next generation of experiments, there exist good prospects to observe single slepton production at the LHC. Neutrinoless double beta decay could otherwise result from a different source (such as a non-zero Majorana neutrino mass). Resonant single slepton production at the LHC can therefore discriminat…
Neutrino nuclear responses associated with medium momentum transfer of q=20-80 MeV for astro neutrinos and double beta decays were studied by using charge exchange reactions on Te128 and Te130. Gamow-Teller and spin dipole nuclear matrix elements are found to be reduced with respect to the pnQRPA matrix elements by the coefficient of around 0.35. The reduction is discussed in terms of the quenching of axial vector coupling (g_A).
We present the first result of the KamLAND-Zen experiment, measurement of 136-Xe double-beta decay. In an exposure of 77.6 days with 129 kg of 136-Xe, two-neutrino double-beta decay half-life is measured precisely to be T_{1/2}^{2ν} = 2.38 +/- 0.02(stat) +/- 0.14(syst) x 10^{21} yr. This value is consistent with the measurement by EXO-200 and significantly below the lower limit obtained by previous experiment. For the neutrinoless double-beta decay half-life, improved lower limit is set to T_{1/2}^{0ν} > 5.7 x 10^{24} yr at 90% C.L. and corresponding upper limit of the effective neutrino mass …
We assess how well next generation neutrinoless double beta decay and normal neutrino beta decay experiments can answer four fundamental questions. 1) If neutrinoless double beta decay searches do not detect a signal, and if the spectrum is known to be inverted hierarchy, can we conclude that neutrinos are Dirac particles? 2) If neutrinoless double beta decay searches are negative and a next generation ordinary beta decay experiment detects the neutrino mass scale, can we conclude that neutrinos are Dirac particles? 3) If neutrinoless double beta decay is observed with a large neutrino mass el…
The nuclear matrix element for the two neutrino double beta decay (DBD) of 136Xe was evaluated by FSQP (Fermi Surface Quasi Particle model), where experimental GT strengths measured by the charge exchange reaction and those by the beta decay rates were used. The 2 neutrino DBD matrix element is given by the sum of products of the single beta matrix elements via low-lying (Fermi Surface) quasi-particle states in the intermediate nucleus. 136Xe is the semi-magic nucleus with the closed neutron-shell, and the beta + transitions are almost blocked. Thus the 2 neutrino DBD is much suppressed. The e…
We propose to use charged-current neutrino-nucleus interactions as a probe of the many virtual transitions involved in neutrinoless double-beta decay. By performing neutrino and anti-neutrino interaction studies on the initial and final nucleus respectively, one can get information on the two branches involved in the double-beta decay process. The measurement of such reactions could help to further constrain double-beta decay predictions on the half-lives.
We review recent developments in double-beta decay, focusing on what can be learned about the three light neutrinos in future experiments. We examine the effects of uncertainties in already measured neutrino parameters and in calculated nuclear matrix elements on the interpretation of upcoming double-beta decay measurements. We then review a number of proposed experiments.
Of the many extensions to the standard model that could possibly generate neutrino mass, most necessitate the neutrino being a Majorana fermion. If this is the case, the rare process of neutrinoless double beta decay is predicted with half lives greater than about $10^{25}$ years. Many current and future experiments look for this decay by identifying a summed double beta energy at the Q value of the decay, but adding energy and angular measurements of the individual betas allows the underlying decay mechanism to be probed. A novel nano-tracking detector based on a clever combination of thin fi…
Deviations from Lorentz and CPT invariance in the neutrino sector and their observable effects in double beta decay are studied. For two-neutrino double beta decay, a spectral distortion and its properties are characterized for different isotopes. Majorana couplings for Lorentz violation are studied and shown to trigger neutrinoless double beta decay even for negligible Majorana mass. Existing data are used to obtain first limits of $5 \times 10^{-9}$ for 18 individual coefficients and attainable sensitivities in current and future experiments are presented.
A class of discrete flavor-symmetry-based models predicts constrained neutrino mass matrix schemes that lead to specific neutrino mass sum-rules (MSR). We show how these theories may constrain the absolute scale of neutrino mass, leading in most of the cases to a lower bound on the neutrinoless double beta decay effective amplitude.
Motivated by non-zero neutrino masses and the possibility of New Physics discovery, a number of experiments search for neutrinoless double beta decay. While hunting for this hypothetical nuclear process, a significant amount of two-neutrino double beta decay data has become available. Although these events are regarded and studied mostly as the background of neutrinoless double beta decay, they can be also used to probe physics beyond the Standard Model. In this paper we show how the presence of right-handed leptonic currents would affect the energy distribution and angular correlation of the …
A measurement of neutrinoless double beta decay in one isotope does not allow to determine the underlying physics mechanism. We discuss the discrimination of mechanisms for neutrinoless double beta decay by comparing ratios of half life measurements for different isotopes. Six prominent examples for specific new physics contributions to neutrinoless double beta decay are analyzed. We find that the change in corresponding ratios of half lives varies from 60% for supersymmetric models up to a factor of 5-20 for extra-dimensional and left-right-symmetric mechanisms.
The potential of large scale Yb-loaded liquid scintillators as proposed for solar neutrino spectroscopy are investigated with respect to double beta decay. The potential for beta-beta- - decay of 176Yb as well as the beta+/EC - decay for 168Yb is discussed. Not only getting for the first time an experimental half-life limit on 176Yb - decay, this will even be at least comparable or better than existing ones from other isotopes. Also for the first time a realistic chance to detect beta+/EC - decay exists. Effects of MeV-neutrinos are discussed as well.
Neutrinoless double beta decay is a hypothetical radioactive process which, if observed, would prove the neutrino to be a Majorana fermion: a particle that is its own antiparticle. In this lecture mini-series I discuss the physics of Majorana fermions and the connection between the nature of neutrino mass and neutrinoless double beta decay. We review Dirac and Majorana spinors, discuss methods of distinguishing between Majorana and Dirac fermions, and derive in outline the connection between neutrino mass and double beta decay rates. We conclude by briefly summarizing the experimental landscap…
We use chiral interactions and several {\em ab initio} methods to compute the nuclear matrix elements (NMEs) for ground-state to ground-state double Gamow-Teller transitions in a range of isotopes, and explore the correlation of these NMEs with those for neutrinoless double beta decay produced by the exchange of a light Majorana neutrino. When all the NMEs of both isospin-conserving and isospin-changing transitions from the {\em ab initio} calculations are considered, the correlation is strong. For the experimentally relevant isospin-changing transitions by themselves, however, the correlation…
The connection of neutrino physics with neutrinoless double beta decay is reviewed. After presenting the current status of the PMNS matrix and the theoretical background of neutrino mass and lepton mixing, we will summarize the various implications of neutrino physics for double beta decay. The influence of light sterile neutrinos and other exotic modifications of the three neutrino picture is also discussed.
The detection of neutrinoless double-beta decay will establish the Majorana nature of neutrinos. In addition, if the nuclear matrix elements of this process are reliably known, the experimental lifetime will provide precious information about the absolute neutrino masses and hierarchy. I review the status of nuclear structure calculations for neutrinoless double-beta decay matrix elements, and discuss some key issues to be addressed in order to meet the demand for accurate nuclear matrix elements.
We show that chiral effective field theory (EFT) two-body currents provide important contributions to the quenching of low-momentum-transfer Gamow-Teller transitions, and use chiral EFT to predict the momentum-transfer dependence that is probed in neutrinoless double-beta decay. We then calculate for the first time the neutrinoless double-beta decay operator based on chiral EFT currents and study the nuclear matrix elements at successive orders. The contributions from chiral two-body currents are significant and should be included in all calculations.
Nuclear double beta decay provides an extraordinarily broad potential to search for beyond Standard Model physics, probing already now the TeV scale, on which new physics should manifest itself. These possibilities are reviewed here.
The motivation, present status, and future plans of the search for the neutrinoless double beta decay are reviewed. It is argued that, motivated by the recent observations of neutrino oscillations, there is a reasonable hope that neutrinoless double beta decay corresponding to the neutrino mass scale suggested by oscillations, <m_ν> of about 50 meV, actually exists. The challenges to achieve the sensitivity corresponding to this mass scale, and plans to overcome them, are described.
In rather general terms the long term perspective of double beta decay is discussed. All important experimental parameters are investigated as well as the status of nuclear matrix element issues. The link with other neutrino physics results and options to disentangle the underlying physics process are presented.
The sensitivity for double beta decay studies of Xe-134 and Xe-124 is investigated assuming a potential large scale Xe experiment developed for dark matter searches depleted in Xe-136. The opportunity for an observation of the 2nu double beta decay of Xe-134 is explored for various scenarios. A positive observation should be possible for all calculated nuclear matrix elements. The detection of 2$ν$ ECEC of Xe-124 can be probed in all scenarios covering the theoretical predicted half-life uncertainties and a potential search for Xe-126 is discussed. The sensitivity to beta+/EC decay of Xe-124 i…
