K. Zuber
In rather general terms the long term perspective of double beta decay is discussed. All important experimental parameters are investigated as well as the status of nuclear matrix element issues. The link with other neutrino physics results and options to disentangle the underlying physics process are presented.
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Neutrinoless double-beta decay is a forbidden, lepton-number-violating nuclear transition whose observation would have fundamental implications for neutrino physics, theories beyond the Standard Model and cosmology. In this review, we summarize the theoretical progress to understand this process, the expectations and implications under various particle physics models, as well as the nuclear physics challenges that affect the precise predictions of the decay half-life. We will also provide a synopsis of the current and future large-scale experiments that aim at discovering this process in physi…
The interest, the status and the perspectives of various experiments in neutron and nuclear beta-decay, muon-decay and pion-decays are discussed. The talk is segmented into a discussion of the decay-rates and of the energy-spectra and correlations. The impact on various scenarios of "new physics" is briefly mentioned; left-right symmetric models are discussed in more detail and the informations gained from the considered experiments is compared to those from other sources.
We propose to use charged-current neutrino-nucleus interactions as a probe of the many virtual transitions involved in neutrinoless double-beta decay. By performing neutrino and anti-neutrino interaction studies on the initial and final nucleus respectively, one can get information on the two branches involved in the double-beta decay process. The measurement of such reactions could help to further constrain double-beta decay predictions on the half-lives.
This paper presents a review of the search for neutrinoless double beta decay of $^{76}$Ge with emphasis on the recent results of the GERDA experiment. It includes an appraisal of fifty years of research on this topic as well as an outlook.
A collection of stories is presented on discoveries of double beta decay (including neutrinoless one) which were refuted in the subsequent investigations.
Deviations from Lorentz and CPT invariance in the neutrino sector and their observable effects in double beta decay are studied. For two-neutrino double beta decay, a spectral distortion and its properties are characterized for different isotopes. Majorana couplings for Lorentz violation are studied and shown to trigger neutrinoless double beta decay even for negligible Majorana mass. Existing data are used to obtain first limits of $5 \times 10^{-9}$ for 18 individual coefficients and attainable sensitivities in current and future experiments are presented.
The simultaneous beta decay of two neutrons in a nucleus without the emission of neutrinos (called neutrinoless double beta decay) is a lepton number violating process which is not allowed in the Standard Model of particle physics. More than a dozen experiments using different candidate isotopes and a variety of detection techniques are searching for this decay. Some (EXO-200, Kamland-Zen, GERDA) started to take data recently. EXO and Kamland-Zen have reported first limits of the half life $T_{1/2}^{0ν}$ for $^{136}$Xe. After a decade of little progress in this field, many new results will soo…
Precision measurements in nuclear beta decay offer a sensitive window to search for new physics beyond the standard electroweak model and allow also the determination of the fundamental weak vector coupling in processes involving the lightest quarks. Searches for new physics are also a strong motivation for experiments carried out at the high energy frontier reached at the most powerful particle colliders. It is instructive to confront results from the low energy and the high energy frontiers in order to look for possible complementarities and orient new avenues for experiments at low energies…
A measurement of neutrinoless double beta decay in one isotope does not allow to determine the underlying physics mechanism. We discuss the discrimination of mechanisms for neutrinoless double beta decay by comparing ratios of half life measurements for different isotopes. Six prominent examples for specific new physics contributions to neutrinoless double beta decay are analyzed. We find that the change in corresponding ratios of half lives varies from 60% for supersymmetric models up to a factor of 5-20 for extra-dimensional and left-right-symmetric mechanisms.
The potential of large scale Yb-loaded liquid scintillators as proposed for solar neutrino spectroscopy are investigated with respect to double beta decay. The potential for beta-beta- - decay of 176Yb as well as the beta+/EC - decay for 168Yb is discussed. Not only getting for the first time an experimental half-life limit on 176Yb - decay, this will even be at least comparable or better than existing ones from other isotopes. Also for the first time a realistic chance to detect beta+/EC - decay exists. Effects of MeV-neutrinos are discussed as well.
The study of neutrinoless double-beta decay plays a fundamental role in the understanding of neutrino physics. Its observation would prove that neutrinos are Majorana particles and that lepton number is not conserved. Experimental searches demand detectors with a very large source mass and extremely low background. We report on planned future experimental searches and discuss their expected sensitivities.
The detection of neutrinoless double-beta decay will establish the Majorana nature of neutrinos. In addition, if the nuclear matrix elements of this process are reliably known, the experimental lifetime will provide precious information about the absolute neutrino masses and hierarchy. I review the status of nuclear structure calculations for neutrinoless double-beta decay matrix elements, and discuss some key issues to be addressed in order to meet the demand for accurate nuclear matrix elements.
The motivation, present status, and future plans of the search for the neutrinoless double beta decay are reviewed. It is argued that, motivated by the recent observations of neutrino oscillations, there is a reasonable hope that neutrinoless double beta decay corresponding to the neutrino mass scale suggested by oscillations, <m_ν> of about 50 meV, actually exists. The challenges to achieve the sensitivity corresponding to this mass scale, and plans to overcome them, are described.
We review the potential to probe new physics with neutrinoless double beta decay $(A,Z) \to (A,Z+2) + 2 e^-$. Both the standard long-range light neutrino mechanism as well as short-range mechanisms mediated by heavy particles are discussed. We also stress aspects of the connection to lepton number violation at colliders and the implications for baryogenesis.
The study of neutrinoless double beta decay is of outmost importance for neutrino physics. It is considered to be the gold plated channel to probe the fundamental character of neutrinos and to determine the neutrino mass. From the experimental point about nine different isotopes are explored for the search. After a general introduction follows a short discussion on nuclear matrix element calculations and supportive measurements. The current experimental status of double beta searches is presented followed by a short discussion of the ideas and proposals for large scale experiments.
A search for double beta decays of the palladium isotopes 110Pd and 102Pd into excited states of their daughters was performed and first half-life limits for the 2νββ and 0νββ decays into first excited 0+ and 2+ states of 5.89e19 yr and 4.40e19 yr (95% CL) for the 110Pd decay were obtained. The half-life limits for the corresponding double electron capture transition of 102Pd are 7.64e18 yr and 2.68e18 yr (95% CL) respectively. These are the first measurements for 102Pd.
In a previous article [Phys. Rev. D 79, 053001 (2009)] we estimated the correlated uncertainties associated to the nuclear matrix elements (NME) of neutrinoless double beta decay (0 nu beta beta) within the quasiparticle random phase approximation (QRPA). Such estimates encompass recent independent calculations of NMEs, and can thus still provide a fair representation of the nuclear model uncertainties. In this context, we compare the claim of 0 nu beta beta decay in Ge-76 with recent negative results in Xe-136 and in other nuclei, and we infer the lifetime ranges allowed or excluded at 90% C.…
The connection of neutrino physics with neutrinoless double beta decay is reviewed. After presenting the current status of the PMNS matrix and the theoretical background of neutrino mass and lepton mixing, we will summarize the various implications of neutrino physics for double beta decay. The influence of light sterile neutrinos and other exotic modifications of the three neutrino picture is also discussed.
Nuclear double beta decay provides an extraordinarily broad potential to search for beyond Standard Model physics, probing already now the TeV scale, on which new physics should manifest itself. These possibilities are reviewed here.
The physics potential of neutrinoless double beta decay is discussed. Furthermore, experimental considerations are presented as well as the current status of experiments. Finally an outlook towards the future, work on nuclear matrix elements and alternative processes is given.
In the minimal supersymmetric extension to the Standard Model, a non-zero lepton number violating coupling lambda'_111 predicts both neutrinoless double beta decay and resonant single slepton production at the LHC. We show that, in this case, if neutrinoless double beta decay is discovered in the next generation of experiments, there exist good prospects to observe single slepton production at the LHC. Neutrinoless double beta decay could otherwise result from a different source (such as a non-zero Majorana neutrino mass). Resonant single slepton production at the LHC can therefore discriminat…
The sensitivity for double beta decay studies of Xe-134 and Xe-124 is investigated assuming a potential large scale Xe experiment developed for dark matter searches depleted in Xe-136. The opportunity for an observation of the 2nu double beta decay of Xe-134 is explored for various scenarios. A positive observation should be possible for all calculated nuclear matrix elements. The detection of 2$ν$ ECEC of Xe-124 can be probed in all scenarios covering the theoretical predicted half-life uncertainties and a potential search for Xe-126 is discussed. The sensitivity to beta+/EC decay of Xe-124 i…
We review recent developments in double-beta decay, focusing on what can be learned about the three light neutrinos in future experiments. We examine the effects of uncertainties in already measured neutrino parameters and in calculated nuclear matrix elements on the interpretation of upcoming double-beta decay measurements. We then review a number of proposed experiments.
The International Germanium Experiment (IGEX) has analyzed 117 mole yr of 76Ge data from its isotopically enriched (86% 76Ge) germanium detectors. Applying pulse-shape discrimination (PSD) to the more recent data, the lower bound on the half-life for neutrinoless double-beta decay of 76Ge is: $T_{1/2}(0ν)> 1.57 \times 10^{25}$ yr (90% C.L.). This corresponds to an upper bound in the Majorana neutrino mass parameter,$<m_ν>$, between 0.33 eV and 1.35 eV, depending on the choice of theoretical nuclear matrix elements used in the analysis.
We review the particle physics aspects of neutrino-less double beta decay. This process can be mediated by light massive Majorana neutrinos (standard interpretation) or by something else (non-standard interpretations). The physics potential of both interpretations is summarized and the consequences of future measurements or improved limits on the half-life of neutrino-less double beta decay are discussed. We try to cover all proposed alternative realizations of the decay, including light sterile neutrinos, supersymmetric or left-right symmetric theories, Majorons, and other exotic possibilitie…
We assess how well next generation neutrinoless double beta decay and normal neutrino beta decay experiments can answer four fundamental questions. 1) If neutrinoless double beta decay searches do not detect a signal, and if the spectrum is known to be inverted hierarchy, can we conclude that neutrinos are Dirac particles? 2) If neutrinoless double beta decay searches are negative and a next generation ordinary beta decay experiment detects the neutrino mass scale, can we conclude that neutrinos are Dirac particles? 3) If neutrinoless double beta decay is observed with a large neutrino mass el…
A class of discrete flavor-symmetry-based models predicts constrained neutrino mass matrix schemes that lead to specific neutrino mass sum-rules (MSR). We show how these theories may constrain the absolute scale of neutrino mass, leading in most of the cases to a lower bound on the neutrinoless double beta decay effective amplitude.
Motivated by non-zero neutrino masses and the possibility of New Physics discovery, a number of experiments search for neutrinoless double beta decay. While hunting for this hypothetical nuclear process, a significant amount of two-neutrino double beta decay data has become available. Although these events are regarded and studied mostly as the background of neutrinoless double beta decay, they can be also used to probe physics beyond the Standard Model. In this paper we show how the presence of right-handed leptonic currents would affect the energy distribution and angular correlation of the …
Neutrinoless double beta decay is a hypothetical radioactive process which, if observed, would prove the neutrino to be a Majorana fermion: a particle that is its own antiparticle. In this lecture mini-series I discuss the physics of Majorana fermions and the connection between the nature of neutrino mass and neutrinoless double beta decay. We review Dirac and Majorana spinors, discuss methods of distinguishing between Majorana and Dirac fermions, and derive in outline the connection between neutrino mass and double beta decay rates. We conclude by briefly summarizing the experimental landscap…
We use chiral interactions and several {\em ab initio} methods to compute the nuclear matrix elements (NMEs) for ground-state to ground-state double Gamow-Teller transitions in a range of isotopes, and explore the correlation of these NMEs with those for neutrinoless double beta decay produced by the exchange of a light Majorana neutrino. When all the NMEs of both isospin-conserving and isospin-changing transitions from the {\em ab initio} calculations are considered, the correlation is strong. For the experimentally relevant isospin-changing transitions by themselves, however, the correlation…
Nuclear matrix elements (NMEs) for two neutrino double beta decays are discussed in terms of the Fermi Surface Quasi-Particle (FSQP) Model. The evaluated NMEs agree with the observed NMEs . The new NMEs for two neutrino double beta decays from Kr78, Cd106, Ba130, and Pd110 were evaluated by FSQP. The NMEs show shell configuration dependence. Impacts of the FSQP NMEs for two neutrino double beta decays on the NMEs for neutrino less double beta decays are discussed.
The Quest for Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay: Progress and Prospects
本文综述了无中微子双β衰变的理论基础及实验搜索方法，总结了当前实验结果并探讨了未来技术发展以提高灵敏度并探测这一罕见现象。
Xenon time projection chambers (TPCs) have become a well-established detection technology for neutrinoless double beta decay searches in $^{136}$Xe. I discuss the motivations for this choice. I describe the status and prospects of both liquid and gaseous xenon TPC projects for double beta decay.
Neutrinoless double beta decay is a lepton number violating process whose observation would also establish that neutrinos are their own anti-particles. There are many experimental efforts with a variety of techniques. Some (EXO, Kamland-Zen, GERDA phase I and CANDLES) started take data in 2011 and EXO has reported the first measurement of the half life for the double beta decay with two neutrinos of $^{136}$Xe. The sensitivities of the different proposals are reviewed.
Neutrinoless double beta decay experiments constrain one combination of neutrino parameters, while cosmic surveys constrain another. This complementarity opens up an exciting range of possibilities. If neutrinos are Majorana particles, and the neutrino masses follow an inverted hierarchy, then the upcoming sets of both experiments will detect signals. The combined constraints will pin down not only the neutrino masses but also constrain one of the Majorana phases. If the hierarchy is normal, then a beta decay detection with the upcoming generation of experiments is unlikely, but cosmic surveys…
We investigate several Pb$(n,n'γ$) and Ge$(n,n'γ$) reactions. We measure $γ$-ray production from Pb$(n,n'γ$) reactions that can be a significant background for double-beta decay experiments which use lead as a massive inner shield. Particularly worrisome for Ge-based double-beta decay experiments are the 2041-keV and 3062-keV $γ$ rays produced via Pb$(n,n'γ$). The former is very close to the ^{76}Ge double-beta decay endpoint energy and the latter has a double escape peak energy near the endpoint. Excitation $γ$-ray lines from Ge$(n,n'γ$) reactions are also observed. We consider the contributi…
In anticipation of results from current and future double-beta decay studies, we report a measurement resulting in a 82Se double-beta decay Q-value of 2997.9(3) keV, an order of magnitude more precise than the currently accepted value. We also present preliminary results of a calculation of the 82Se neutrinoless double-beta decay nuclear matrix element that corrects in part for the small size of the shell model single-particle space. The results of this work are important for designing next generation double-beta decay experiments and for the theoretical interpretations of their observations.
The search for neutrinoless double beta decay is a rich source for new physics. The observation of this decay will lead to understanding of the absolute mass scale of neutrinos, the Majorana nature of the neutrino (whether the neutrino is its own anti-particle), and lepton number violation. Double beta decay is being investigated around the world by several experiments using different candidate isotopes. There has been much progress made in experimental techniques recently such that achieving sensitivity to neutrino masses at 50 meV and below will be possible in the near future. A summary of r…
We present a generator-coordinate calculation, based on a relativistic energy-density functional, of the low-lying spectra in the isotopes $^{150}$Nd and $^{150}$Sm and of the nuclear matrix element that governs the neutrinoless double-beta decay of the first isotope to the second. We carefully examine the impact of octupole correlations on both nuclear structure and the double-beta decay matrix element. Octupole correlations turn out to reduce quadrupole collectivity in both nuclei. Shape fluctuations, however, dilute the effects of octupole deformation on the double-beta decay matrix element…
Search for double beta decay of 106Cd Monte Carlo simulation and cosmogenic activation of the CdWO4 detectros
该论文围绕106Cd正双β衰变候选核素，构建实验装置研究其衰变谱，并利用蒙特卡罗模拟估算一年测量期内的预期本底。
Possibilities to search for double beta decay of alpha/beta unstable nuclei, many of which have higher energy release than "conventional" (beta stable) double beta decay candidates, are discussed. First experimental half-life limits on double beta decay of radioactive nuclides from U and Th families (trace contaminants of the CaWO_4, CdWO_4 and Gd_2SiO_5 scintillators) were established by reanalyzing the data of low-background measurements in the Solotvina Underground Laboratory with these detectors (1734 h with CaWO_4, 13316 h with CdWO_4, and 13949 h with Gd_2SiO_5 crystals).
This document gives an overview of the technical issues and goals facing future double-beta decay experiments.
At least one neutrino has a mass of about 50 meV or larger. However, the absolute mass scale for the neutrino remains unknown. Furthermore, the critical question: Is the neutrino its own antiparticle? is unanswered. Studies of double beta decay offer hope for determining the absolute mass scale. In particular, zero-neutrino double beta decay (\BBz) can address the issues of lepton number conservation, the particle-antiparticle nature of the neutrino, and its mass. A summary of the recent results in \BBz, and the related technologies will be discussed in the context of the future \BBz\ program.
Of the many extensions to the standard model that could possibly generate neutrino mass, most necessitate the neutrino being a Majorana fermion. If this is the case, the rare process of neutrinoless double beta decay is predicted with half lives greater than about $10^{25}$ years. Many current and future experiments look for this decay by identifying a summed double beta energy at the Q value of the decay, but adding energy and angular measurements of the individual betas allows the underlying decay mechanism to be probed. A novel nano-tracking detector based on a clever combination of thin fi…
Active background reduction in high resolution calorimeters is a promising approach to achieve ultimate sensitivity in neutrinoless double beta decay experiments. We propose Cerenkov emission from beta rays in bolometric crystals as a viable alternative to scintillation. This novel approach could broaden the range of materials of interest for calorimetric searches of the double beta decay. We discuss the optical properties of TeO$_2$ crystals, as a show case.
At least one neutrino has a mass of about 50 meV or larger. However, the absolute mass scale for the neutrino remains unknown. Studies of double beta decay offer hope for determining the absolute mass scale. Furthermore, the critical question: Is the neutrino its own antiparticle? is unanswered. In particular, zero-neutrino double beta decay can address the issues of lepton number conservation, the particle-antiparticle nature of the neutrino, and its mass. A summary of the recent progress in double beta decay, and the related technologies will be discussed in the context of the future double …
Best present experimental achievements in double beta decay are presented. Possible progress in this field in the near and far future is discussed.
Spectroscopic studies of two beta-rays from 100Mo are shown to be of potential interest for investigating both the Majorana neutrino mass by neutrinoless double beta-decay and low energy solar neutrino's by inverse beta-decay. With a multi-ton 100Mo detector, coincidence studies of correlated beta-beta from neutrinoless double beta-decay, together with the large Q value, permit identification of the neutrino-mass term with a sensitivity of ~ 0.03 eV. Correlation studies of the inverse beta and the successive beta-decay of 100Tc, together with the large capture rates for low energy solar neutri…
Crystal scintillators are very promising detectors to investigate double beta decay of atomic nuclei. Recent achievements in development and application of tungstate and molybdate crystal scintillators as well as prospects for the next generation double beta decay experiments are discussed.
Main achievements during 75 years of research on double beta decay have been reviewed. The existing experimental data have been presented and the capabilities of the next-generation detectors have been demonstrated.
Neutrinoless double beta decay is one of the most powerful tools to set the neutrino mass absolute scale and establish whether the neutrino is a Majorana particle. After a summary of the neutrinoless double beta decay phenomenology, the present status of the experimental search for this rare decay is reported and the prospects for next generation experiments are reviewed.
A brief review of double beta decay to the excited states of daughter nuclei is given. Results of the most sensitive experiments are presented.
The present status of double beta decay experiments is reviewed. The results of the most sensitive experiments are discussed. Proposals for future double beta decay experiments with a sensitivity to the $< m_ν >$ at the level of (0.01--0.1) eV are considered.
In the field of Double Beta Decay (DBD) searches, the use of high resolution detectors in which background can be actively discriminated is very appealing. Scintillating bolometers containing a Double Beta Decay emitter can largely fulfill this very interesting possibility. In this paper we present the latest results obtained with CdWO4 and CaMoO4 crystals. Moreover we report, for the first time, a very interesting feature of CaMoO4 bolometers: the possibility to discriminate beta-gamma events from those induced by alpha particles thanks to different thermal pulse shape.
The current situation in double beta decay experiments , the characteristics of modern detectors and the possibility of increasing the sensitivity to neutrino mass in future experiments are discussed. The issue of the production and use of enriched isotopes in double beta decay experiments is discussed in addition.
The brief review of current experiments on search and studying of double beta decay processes is done. Best present limits on $\langle m_ν \rangle$ and $\langle g_{ee} \rangle$ are presented. Prospects of search for neutrinoless double beta decay in new experiments with sensitivity to $\langle m_ν\rangle$ at the level of $\sim$ 0.01-0.1 eV are discussed.
Detector DEVIS is TPC in the magnetic field. It is dedicated to the investigation of the double-beta decay of Xe. Setup sensitivity was estimated in the series of measurements with Xe with natural isotopes composition. Detector allows measuring two-neutrino double-beta decay of $^{136}$Xe with half-life less than $3 \cdot 10^{20}$ years.
Energy resolution, alpha/beta ratio, pulse-shape discrimination for gamma rays and alpha particles, radioactive contamination were studied with neodymium doped yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG:Nd). Applicability of YAG:Nd scintillators to search for double beta decay and alpha activity of natural neodymium isotopes are discussed.
A brief review on double beta decay to excited states of daughter nuclei is given. The ECEC(ov) transision to the excited states are discussed in association with a possible enhancement of the decay rate by several orders of magnitude.
Pulse shape analysis is an important background reduction and signal identification technique for next generation of neutrinoless double-beta decay experiments examining 76Ge. We present a study of the systematic uncertainties in one such parametric pulse-shape analysis technique for separating multi-site backgrounds from single-site signal events. We examined systematic uncertainties for events in full-energy gamma peaks (predominantly multi-site), double escape peaks (predominantly single-site) and the Compton continuum near double-beta decay endpoint (which will be the dominant background f…
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